pre- and postnatal effects of nicotine on the development and behavior of rats
abstract
the effects of nicotine administered during one of three
gestational trimesters on development and behavior of
rats were investigated. pregnant female shs (satinder's
heterogeneous stock) rats were injected subcutaneously
with nicotine (0.0/, 0.3 or 0.6 mg/kg/day) during one of
three gestational trimesters (days 0-6/ days 7-13/ or
days 14-20). no differences were found between groups in
litter size/ litter weight/ male-female litter ratio or
postnatal mortality. however/ progressively later
trimesters and higher nicotine dosages retarded the
appearance of developmental signs and' reflexes. at 29
days of age/ one day after weaning/ emergence from home
cage was measured. rats prenatally exposed to 0.3
mg/kg/day of nicotine and rats exposed during the second
trimester (7-13) had shorter emergence latencies than
the other groups. following emergence testing/ all
animals were exposed to the open field for 4 successive
days. the 5-minute session each day revealed higher
defecation scores and increased activity in the group
prenatally exposed to 0.3 mg/kg/day of nicotine. animals
prenatally treated during the third trimester/ defecated significantly more than animals treated during the first
trimester. on completion of open field testing#, each rat
was examined for an unconditioned escape response to
electric shock. no differences were found between groups
when litter differences were taken into account. after
one day of rest#, animals were given 4 days of either-way
avoidance training. following training# the effects of
postnatal nicotine administration were assessed by
administering nicotine (0.0# 0.2# 0.3 or 0.4 mg/kg
counterbalanced over 4 days) 25 minutes before avoidance
testing. rats prenatally exposed to nicotine during the
second trimester displayed superior avoidance
acquisition and avoidance performance during the
postnatal nicotine challenge#, but this difference became
non-significant when the differences between litters
were considered. differences in one-way avoidance
performance with the different postnatal nicotine doses
were only observed for two groups: animals exposed to
saline during the first trimester and animals exposed to
0.3 mg/kg/day during the third trimester. in both of
these groups# the postnatal nicotine dose most
comparable to the dose received prenatally resulted in
the best avoidance performance. the effects of pre- and
postnatal nicotine on development and behavior and the
presence of greater susceptibility to a specific nicotine dose or gestational period is discussed. it can
be concluded that different nicotine dosages
administered during different periods of gestation can
differentially affect development and behavior.
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