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of an eyesor)18(e thr)17(ough neglect and pr)18(ovided lit-)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.009 tw [(tle, if any)110(, benefit to local communities for r)18(ecr)18(eational use. even the ar)18(eas)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.002 tw (put aside for r)tj 6.07257 0 td -0.011 tc 0 tw (ecr)tj 1.26855 0 td -0.01 tc -0.002 tw (eational use w)tj 6.20421 0 td -0.026 tc 0 tw (er)tj 0.80504 0 td -0.0256 tc (e)tj 0.67567 0 td -0.026 tc (pr)tj 0.92736 0 td -0.025 tc -0.002 tw [(edominantly of a sparse \322open natur)18(e)1]tj -15.9534 -1.30002 td -0.034 tc 0.006 tw (containing little or no vegetation. mccormack park was one of these neglected)tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.004 tw [(a)15(r)33(e)15(a)15(s)15( )15(o)15(f)15( )15(o)15(p)15(e)15(n)15( )15(s)15(p)15(a)15(c)15(e)15( )15(and became the focus of the envir)18(onmental education)]tj t* 0 tw [(pr)17(ogram at laverton park. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.091 tw (the let laverton cr)tj 9.20115 0 td (eek live committee emer)tj 11.62009 0 td (ged fr)tj 2.69636 0 td (om community)tj -25.3176 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have )]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6957 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (234)tj 31.56223 0.00001 td 0 tc (karen malone)tj et q endstream endobj 8 0 obj << /length 4910 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 91 586.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(the ability or right to do that. w)90(e\325r)18(e trying to set up something wher)17(e the)]tj 0 -1.16667 td 0 tc -0.012 tw [(community would in every r)18(eal sense own it and make it, would drive it)]tj t* 0.063 tw [(and lead it to wher)18(ever it goes\321empowering people to change society)110(.)]tj t* 0 tw ((interview with school principal, october 1993))tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 91 531.4039 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.01 tc 0.115 tw [(t)1(h)1(e)1( )1(e)1(n)1(v)1(i)1(r)19(onmental focus of the committee was mccormack park.)]tj -1.8 -1.30001 td -0.013 tc 0.001 tw 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0 10 97.5278 379.8038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (exposing false illusions as a pre-requisite to empowerment)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 356.0038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 tw [(c)5(onsidering the disempower)18(ed and mar)18(ginal position of the community)111(,)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.011 tc 0.003 tw [(due to a history of social stigmatisation, is fundamental when r)18(eflecting on)]tj t* 0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(the appr)17(oach adopted by them. the degraded social, political, historical,)]tj t* 0.014 tc 0.116 tw [(and physical envir)18(onment of laverton park meant many community)]tj t* 0.009 tc 0.121 tw [(members had embodied the view that ther)18(e was no means for r)18(econ-)]tj t* 0.005 tc 0 tw (str)tj 1.15171 0 td 0.041 tw (ucting their r)tj 5.90253 0 td 0 tw (eality)tj 2.36128 0 td 0.0049 tc (.)tj 0.551 0 td 0.005 tc 0.041 tw (the pr)tj 2.97267 0 td (ocess of enlightenment based on a guiding)tj -12.93919 -1.30001 td 0.054 tw (meta-theory of false consciousness)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 229.0199 278.0038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.005 tc (1)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 235.763 278.0038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.005 tc 0.054 tw (seeks to eliminate this socially con-)tj -16.2763 -1.3 td -0.002 tc -0.006 tw [(str)8(ucted misery by supporting, thr)17(ough consciousness raising, the oppor-)]tj t* -0.012 tc 0.004 tw (tunity for people to r)tj 8.96475 0 td 0 tw (ecr)tj 1.26516 0 td 0.004 tw [(eate themselves as active and deciding beings \(fay)111(,)]tj -10.22991 -1.30001 td -0.005 tc -0.003 tw [(1987\). based on the belief that people\325s suf)18(fering is in part caused thr)18(ough)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.0192 tc (a)tj 0.72315 0 td -0.019 tc 0.011 tw [(failur)18(e to develop the powers of rational r)17(eflection by which false illusions)]tj -0.72315 -1.3 td 0.005 tc 0.055 tw [(can be exposed and scr)8(utinised\321enlightenment is a pr)18(ocess of self and)]tj t* -0.013 tc 0.005 tw [(social determination. that is, by pr)18(oviding an opportunity for ideology 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td -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [-1196(thr)18(ough their choice to live at laverton park they had made a ration)-1(-)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.021 tc 0.009 tw [(al decision to endur)18(e the degraded envir)18(onmental conditions and it was)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(\322their cr)18(oss to bear)74(.\323 )]tj 0 -2.6 td -0.014 tc 0.001 tw [(giving up these illusions r)17(equir)18(ed the community to abandon self-con-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.099 tw [(ceptions and social practices that served to r)18(epr)18(oduce the power of the)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.008 tw [(\322other\323 thr)17(ough false consciousness. )38(at laverton park this meant altering)]tj t* 0 tc 0.011 tw (power r)tj 3.49241 0 td [(elationships by r)17(econstr)8(ucting new identities, wher)17(e the commu)1(-)]tj -3.49241 -1.3 td -0.011 tc -0.001 tw [(nity no longer per)17(ceived themselves just as mer)19(e objects of their social con-)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(ditions but also cr)18(eators of their social r)18(eality)110(. fr)18(eir)17(e (1972) articulates this)]tj t* -0.018 tc 0.005 tw [(critical consciousness, learning to see the sour)19(ce of oppr)18(ession as due to cer-)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(tain social for)18(ces, as )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 126.0846 364.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 tc (conscientizacao)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 190.5552 364.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [((conscientisation). fr)18(eir)17(e (1972) ar)18(gues)]tj -15.35552 -1.3 td -0.007 tc -0.005 tw (that education based on a theory of critical education must aim to develop)tj t* 0.001 tc 0.124 tw (in people their latent ability to critically assess their situation with the)tj t* 0 tc (view of changing it. the essential element of this education is that the)tj t* 0.002 tc 0.123 tw [(\322oppr)18(essed\323 r)18(ealise that they have internalised the values, beliefs, and)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(worldview of their oppr)18(essors. that they the \322oppr)18(essed\323 willingly coop-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.045 tw [(erate with those who oppr)17(ess them by maintaining the social for)18(ces that)]tj t* 0 tw [(r)18(esult in their oppr)17(ession. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.004 tc -0.009 tw [(the educative pr)18(ocess at laverton park ther)18(efor)17(e was two fold, first it)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.011 tc 0 tw (cr)tj 0.79919 0 td -0.002 tw (eated the conditions for participants to expose the basis of their false illu)tj 31.06819 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.86738 -1.3 td 0.061 tw (sions (enlightenment) and second, it pr)tj 17.5419 0 td (ovided opportunity to develop a)tj -17.5419 -1.30001 td -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(counter)18(-hegemonic discourse\321based on the pr)18(oduction of envir)18(onmental)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.007 tc 0.118 tw [(popular knowledge\321that allowed them to change thr)17(ough social and)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (envir)tj 2.29321 0 td (onmental activism the conditions serving to sustain their . )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 60.8284 161.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((re)constructing lived 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malone)tj et q endstream endobj 10 0 obj << /length 4784 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(fals bor)18(da (1982) is: )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 91 562.1709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.002 tc 0.123 tw [(knowledge belonging to the people at the grassr)17(oots and constituting)]tj 0 -1.16667 td 0.005 tc 0.12 tw [(part of their cultural heritage. it r)17(emains outside the formal scientific)]tj t* -0.015 tc 0.003 tw [(str)8(uctur)17(e built by the intellectual minority of the dominant system because)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(it involves a br)18(each of the r)7(ules. (p. 26))]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 91 507.1709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.069 tw (the notion of popular knowledge draws substantially on gramsci\325s)tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.003 tc 0.122 tw [((1971) notion of the \322or)17(ganic intellectual\323 by popularising experiential)]tj t* -0.014 tc 0.002 tw [(knowledge\321knowledge vehemently dismissed by the dominant cultur)18(e as)]tj t* 0 tc 0.007 tw [(\322subjective,\323 \322value-laden\323 and not valid (merrifield, 1993). the pr)18(oduc)1(-)]tj t* -0.006 tw [(tion of popular knowledge is congr)8(uent with the constr)7(uction of an alter-)]tj t* -0.014 tc 0.001 tw [(native world view within envir)18(onmentalism and; ther)18(efor)17(e, the activities of)]tj t* 0 tc -0.01 tw [(the community at laverton park have a dir)18(ect r)17(elation to grassr)18(oots envi-)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.009 tw [(r)18(onmental activism in support of the universal envir)18(onmental movement.)]tj t* 0.003 tc 0.122 tw (gaventa (1993) advances the view that by r)tj 19.99599 0 td [(eclaiming knowledge fr)18(om)]tj -19.99599 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.096 tw [(the dominant system has a number of benefits for the pr)17(oducers of the)]tj t* 0 tw (knowledge:)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 91 353.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.004 tc 0.121 tw [(in seeing themselves as capable of pr)18(oducing and defining their own)]tj 0 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0.078 tw [(r)18(eality they become activated to change it; a gr)17(eater consciousness and)]tj t* 0.032 tw [(clear)18(er analysis of their situation may develop; and the new knowledge)]tj t* -0.022 tc 0.009 tw [(pr)17(oduced can become a r)19(esour)18(ce for challenging the hegemony of the dom)-1(-)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (inant ideas. 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0 9 91 82.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.014 tc 0.001 tw (it\325s not so much that they don\325t know how to think for themselves, it\325s just)tj 0 -1.1667 td -0.017 tc 0.004 tw [(that they have got out of the habit of thinking for themselves. it\325s not a r)16(ole)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.974 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.7309 tm 0 0 0 1 k (rec)tj 1.814 0 td [(laiming silenced )80(v)90(oices)-23415(237)]tj et q endstream endobj 11 0 obj << /length 5894 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 55 586.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.01 tw [(they feel comfortable in. \(let laverton cr)17(eek live community meeting,)]tj 0 -1.16667 td 0 tw [(local resident, febr)8(uary 1994\) )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 55 552.4039 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.002 tc 0.123 tw (the following quotations highlight the embodiment of the illusion)tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.077 tw (that 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