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endobj 8 0 obj << /length 4802 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(sense, might of)18(fer them. many ar)18(e likely to believe that they have mor)16(e to)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(teach than to learn. however)74(, dif)17(fer)18(ent gr)17(oups have dif)18(fer)18(ent access to)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.01 tc -0.002 tw [(the power and r)18(esour)17(ces to enable them to put their own analysis forwar)18(d,)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.052 tw [(and ar)18(e likely to marshal definitions of terms, moral ar)18(guments and sci-)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.002 tw [(entific evidence in ways which support their existing view of the pr)17(oblems)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.014 tc 0.111 tw [(and priorities. envir)18(onmental educators and trainers, ther)18(efor)18(e, must)]tj t* 0.004 tc 0.121 tw [(addr)18(ess an heter)18(ogeneous audience among which a variety of pr)18(econ-)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(ceived ideas r)18(elating to tourism and tourism development ar)18(e likely to be)]tj t* -0.011 tw [(held. further)73(, it see)1(ms clear that uncertainty and contestation, even about)]tj t* 0 tc -0.01 tw [(the meaning of \322sustainable tourism,\323 ar)18(e likely to persist for the for)17(esee-)]tj t* 0.012 tw [(able futur)17(e. equally clearly)111(, envir)17(onmental education and training which)]tj t* 0 tw [(helps to cr)18(eate and support sustainable tourism is needed now)92(.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 113.0686 410.071 tm 0 0 0 1 k (environmental education: determining an approach)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 386.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.01 tc -0.005 tw [(a)-190(further pr)18(oblem is that, despite the existence of a tentative consens)-1(us on: )]tj 0 -2.6 td -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [-1197(the desirability of certain characteristics for envir)18(onmental education,)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (for example holism (sterling, 1993); )tj -1.8 -1.3 td tj 1.8 0 td -0.0152 tc (a)tj 0.71969 0 td -0.015 tc (life-long educational appr)tj 11.06052 0 td (oach \(unesco-unep)tj 9.66567 0 td (,)tj 0.46994 0 td (1977\); )tj -23.71582 -1.30001 td -0.035 tc 0.007 tw [-1229(a consideration of values as central to any pr)18(ogramme (caduto, 1985); and )]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.071 tw [-1194(a)15( )15(f)15(o)15(c)15(u)15(s)15( )15(on the futur)18(e (hicks, 1996) ther)17(e is substantial disagr)18(eement)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.021 tc 0.008 tw [(about what exactly the goals of envir)17(onmental education should be \(e.g.)]tj t* -0.02 tc [(fien, )1(1993; )1(hungerfor)17(d)-1( &)-1( v)110(o)-1(l)-1(k)-1(,)-1( 1)-1(9)-1(9)-1(0)-1(\))-1(,)-1( a)-1(n)-1(d)-1( h)-1(o)-1(w)-1( t)-1(h)-1(e)-1(y)-1( m)-1(i)-1(g)-1(h)-1(t)-1( r)16(elate )1(to )1(sus-)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (tainable development (huckle & sterling, 1996). )tj -1.8 -2.6 td 0.02 tc 0.234 tw [(for example, the goal of \322envir)18(onmentally-af)17(firmative citizenship\323)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.022 tc 0.01 tw [(\(hungerfor)17(d & v)111(olk, 1984\) may seem useful as a basis for the envir)19(onmental)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.01 tw (education of domestic tourists in rich countries and also, per)tj 26.44367 0 td (haps, of local)tj -26.44367 -1.30001 td -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(tourism managers in developing countries. socially-critical envir)18(onmental)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.044 tw [(education, which r)18(ejects this appr)18(oach and emphasises instead egalitari-)]tj t* 0.016 tc 0.109 tw (anism, political decentralisation, the r)tj 17.65713 0 td (eversal of industrialisation and)tj -17.65713 -1.3 td 0 tc -0.002 tw [(gr)17(owth, and the abandonment of consumerism, may be appr)18(opriate else-)]tj t* -0.022 tc 0 tw (wher)tj 2.18439 0.00001 td 0.009 tw [(e. critically-theorised action r)18(esear)18(ch has lead to successful educational)]tj -2.18439 -1.30001 td -0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(and political dir)18(ect action in countries with a liberal tradition, for example)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(the pr)17(otection of beaches \(gr)18(eenall gough & robottom, 1993\). such action)]tj 0 tc (r)' 0.3587 0 td -0.018 tc 0 tw (esear)tj 2.167 0 td 0.006 tw (ch may also be an ef)tj 8.54572 0.00001 td (fective method for extension work with displaced)tj -11.0714 -1.3 td -0.014 tc 0.001 tw [(indigenous gr)18(oups (gough, 1995). however)74(, neither appr)17(oach seems whol)1(-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.073 tw [(ly appr)17(opriate, by itself, to situations of the kind in which, say)110(, a multi-)]tj t* 0.004 tc 0.121 tw [(national hospitality concern obtains political appr)17(oval in a developing)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6774 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(education and )100(t)80(raining f)19(or sustainab)10(le )100(t)80(ourism)-14008(197)]tj et q endstream endobj 9 0 obj << /length 4702 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.024 tc 0.011 tw [(country to set up a joint-ventur)17(e with local entr)18(epr)17(eneurs, and engages a for-)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(eign contractor to develop a major international r)18(esort using a labour mix)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.016 tc 0.004 tw [(of local people, nationals fr)18(om other r)18(egions of the country)110(, and immigrants)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.092 tw (on short-term contracts. this is particularly so given the observation of)tj t* -0.009 tc -0.003 tw [(jensen and schnack (1997) that envir)18(onmental education initiatives should)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.006 tc 0.119 tw (be evaluated on the basis of their educational value to learners rather)tj t* -0.004 tc -0.009 tw [(than their success in solving society\325s pr)18(oblems. in such a situation poten-)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(tial learners have dif)18(fer)17(ent starting points and dif)17(fer)18(ent expectations.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 81.9197 461.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (cultural theory: developing a \322clumsy\323 approach)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 437.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(ther)18(e seems, ther)18(efor)17(e, to be a need for a theor)18(etical device which permits)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc -0.007 tw [(envir)18(onmental education pr)17(ocesses to continue in the face of contradicto)1(-)]tj t* 0.02 tc 0.186 tw [(ry per)17(ceptions of their purpose. such a device is \322cultural theory\323)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(\(thompson, ellis, & w)56(ildavsky)111(, 1990\) which has been developed fr)18(om the)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(work of the cultural anthr)17(opologist, mary douglas (1982).)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.003 tc 0.122 tw [(an appr)18(oach fr)18(om cult)-1(u)1(r)-1(al theory starts fr)18(om the observation that)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.009 tw [(human knowledge, both of the natural envir)17(onment and of human inter-)]tj t* 0.006 tc 0.119 tw (actions with it, is imperfect and characterised by uncertainty and risk)tj t* -0.011 tc -0.002 tw ((james & thompson, 1989; thompson, 1990). in the face of this uncertainty)tj t* 0.007 tc 0.118 tw [(and risk, social actors constr)9(uct their interpr)17(etations of envir)17(onmental)]tj 0 tc (r)' 0.37695 0 td 0 tw (eality)tj 2.3313 0 td -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.54347 0 td 0 tc 0.044 tw [(it is instr)8(uctive to visualise such interpr)18(etations as lying within a)]tj -3.25172 -1.30001 td 0 tw [(range bounded by four ar)17(chetypes: )]tj 0 -2.5 td tj 1.8 0 td (the fatalistic interpr)tj 8.66089 0 td (etation; )tj -10.46089 -1.3 td tj 1.8 0 td (the hierar)tj 4.25952 0 td (chical interpr)tj 5.85083 0 td (etation; )tj -11.91035 -1.30001 td [-1194(the individualistic interpr)17(etation and; )]tj 0 -1.3 td [-1194(the egalitarian interpr)17(etation. )]tj 0 -2.5 td 0.008 tc 0.117 tw [(these ar)18(chetypes, in turn, r)17(e)1(p)1(r)18(esent possible combinations acr)19(oss two)]tj 0 -1.2 td -0.016 tc 0.003 tw (dimensions of social or)tj 9.80542 0 td (ganisation: equality/inequality and competition/no)tj -9.80542 -1.2 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(competition \(see figur)17(e 1\). hence, the fatalist visualises the social and)]tj t* 0 tc -0.007 tw (natural worlds as competitive and unequal, but for the individualist they)tj t* -0.016 tc 0 tw (ar)tj 0.84619 0 td -0.0155 tc (e)tj 0.70083 0 td -0.016 tc 0.003 tw [(competitive and equal; and, while the expectations of the hierar)17(chist ar)18(e)]tj -1.54702 -1.20001 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw (built upon assumptions of inequality and uncompetitiveness, those of the)tj 0 -1.2 td -0.018 tc 0.005 tw (egalitarian assume, rather)tj 10.93178 0 td -0.0175 tc (,)tj 0.46982 0 td -0.018 tc [(uncompetitiveness with equality)110(.)-1( )-1(e)-1(a)-1(c)-1(h)-1( )-1(a)-1(r)18(chetype)]tj -11.4016 -1.20001 td 0 tc 0.067 tw [(is further associated with a particular \322myth of natur)17(e.\323 for the fatalist,)]tj t* -0.012 tc -0.001 tw [(natur)17(e is capricious; for the individualist, it is benign. hierar)18(chists suppose)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (natur)tj 2.3875 0 td -0.0002 tc (e)tj 0.7766 0 td 0 tc 0.048 tw [(to be benign within certain limits, but perverse if those limits ar)17(e)]tj -3.1641 -1.2 td 0.021 tw [(exceeded. finally)111(, egalitarians view natur)17(e as ephemeral, a delicate equi-)]tj t* 0 tw [(librium which may be easily and irr)17(et)1(rievably destr)17(oyed.)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6957 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (198)tj 23.11983 0.00001 td 0 tc (stephen gough &)tj 8.72071 0.00001 td (william scott)tj et q endstream endobj 10 0 obj << /length 7067 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 92.219 295.536 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(figur)17(e 1. four ar)18(chetypal constr)7(uctions of envir)18(onmental r)18(eality)110(.)]tj 4.53039 -1.51221 td [(\(adapted fr)18(om james and thompson, 1989\))]tj -4.65229 -3.7 td -0.022 tc -0.005 tw [(which interpr)17(etation and which myth of natur)18(e an individual is likely to)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.015 tc 0.022 tw (favour depends on whether his or her \322social solidarity\323 \(thompson, 1997,)tj t* -0.025 tc -0.003 tw (p.144\) in the specific context under consideration, is individualist, hierar)tj 30.00763 0 td 0 tw (chist,)tj -30.00763 -1.3 td -0.015 tc 0.116 tw (egalitarian or fatalist. solidarities, and ther)tj 18.68806 0 td 0 tw (efor)tj 1.67438 0 td -0.0152 tc (e)tj 0.81428 0 td -0.015 tc (interpr)tj 2.94507 0 td 0.116 tw (etations, may shift)tj -24.12178 -1.30001 td -0.025 tc -0.003 tw [(r)18(epeatedly over time and in r)17(esponse to changes of social context such as that)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.015 tc 0.066 tw [(fr)17(om, say)111(, workplace to family home. however)75(, each of the four is seen as)]tj t* -0.017 tc -0.011 tw (defining itself in contradistinction to the others and, ther)tj 23.86648 0.00001 td 0 tw (efor)tj 1.6673 0 td -0.011 tw (e, of being inca-)tj -25.53378 -1.30001 td -0.015 tc 0.125 tw (pable of sustaining itself without them, i.e., each view needs a per)tj 29.40479 0 td 0 tw (ceived)tj -29.40479 -1.30001 td [(thr)17(eat fr)18(om the others if it is itself to make sense. thompson (1997) writes:)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 91 115.9139 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.029 tc 0.001 tw [(humans, individualists know)92(, ar)18(e )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 219.2793 115.9139 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.029 tc (self-seeking)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 257.6468 115.9139 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0291 tc (;)tj 0.44319 0 td -0.029 tc 0.001 tw [(hierar)18(chists know they ar)17(e )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 362.0121 115.9139 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.029 tc (mal-)tj -30.1125 -1.1667 td -0.015 tc (leable)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 112.4953 105.4139 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.015 tc 0.003 tw [(\(born in sin but r)17(edeemable by firm and nurturing institutions\); egal)-1(-)]tj -2.3884 -1.1667 td -0.024 tc -0.004 tw (itarians know that they ar)tj 10.74825 0.00001 td 0 tc (e)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 193.8327 94.9139 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.024 tc (caring)tj 2.65412 0.00001 td (and)tj 1.65132 0.00001 td (co-operative)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 275.6683 94.9139 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.024 tc -0.004 tw (until corr)tj 3.87323 0.00001 td (upted by coer)tj 5.7584 0.00001 td 0 tw (cive)tj -30.1503 -1.1667 td -0.015 tc 0.003 tw [(institutions \(markets and hierar)17(chies\); fatalists know they ar)18(e )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 327.8721 84.4139 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.015 tc (fickle)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 345.7213 84.4139 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0151 tc (.)tj 0.47331 0 td -0.015 tc 0.003 tw (\(p. 145,)tj -28.7757 -1.1667 td 0 tw (original emphasis\))tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6774 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(education and )100(t)80(raining f)19(or sustainab)10(le )100(t)80(ourism)-14008(199)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 113 320 246.027 274.338 re s 115 322 242.027 270.338 re s 0.603 w 228.6729 572.5389 m 228.6729 341.8689 l s 131.334 463.256 m 340.182 463.256 l s 0 0 0 0 k 129.709 465.881 96.62 99.961 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8 0 0 8 156.5843 559.3757 tm 0 0 0 1 k (the fatalist)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 7 0 0 7 142.0849 544.2454 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 tc (n)tj 0.77782 0.00001 td 0 tc [(atur)18(e seen as capricious)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 7 0 0 7 158.6723 518.6455 tm 0 0 0 1 k (t)tj 0.52294 0.00001 td [(r)8(ust to luck)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 7 0 0 7 164.2171 501.579 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.61092 0.00001 td 0 tc (xample)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 7 0 0 7 136.8272 493.0457 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 tc (i)tj 0.33685 0.00001 td 0 tc [(ndigenous people ar)18(e dis-)]tj 4.08516 -1.21905 td (placed)tj -3.99537 -1.21904 td -0.0002 tc (b)tj 0.55285 0.00001 td (y)tj 0.8057 0 td 0 tc (tourism development)tj et 0 0 0 0 k 234.682 464.553 108.837 100.936 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8 0 0 8 258.5594 559.0223 tm 0 0 0 1 k (the hierarachist)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 7 0 0 7 240.9165 540.6224 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(natur)18(e seen as tolerant if pr)17(operly)]tj 0.23694 -1.2 td -0.0001 tc (m)tj 0.77785 0.00001 td 0 tc (anaged--but otherwise perverse)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 7 0 0 7 241.2762 515.1558 tm 0 0 0 1 k (t)tj 0.52296 0.00001 td [(r)8(ust established or)18(ganisations)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 7 0 0 7 275.2987 498.0891 tm 0 0 0 1 k (example)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 7 0 0 7 241.6958 489.5559 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 tc (g)tj 0.76281 0.00001 td 0 tc [(overnment bur)17(eaucracies ar)18(e)]tj -0.9242 -1.21905 td -0.0002 tc (e)tj 0.47885 0.00001 td 0 tc (stablished in or)tj 6.77482 0 td [(der to pr)18(omote)]tj -7.99988 -1.21905 td [(and r)18(egulate tourism development)]tj et 0 0 0 0 k 122.235 339.013 103.269 117.809 re f q /gs2 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et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 7 0 0 7 236.0734 389.6327 tm 0 0 0 1 k (t)tj 0.52294 0 td (r)tj 0.38697 0 td (ust local participatory institutions)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 7 0 0 7 277.7957 370.6327 tm 0 0 0 1 k (example)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 7 0 0 7 242.6607 362.0994 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(envir)18(onmental pr)17(essur)18(e gr)18(oups)]tj -0.77149 -1.21905 td (support traditional communities in)tj 0.47913 -1.21905 td [(r)18(esisting damaging development)]tj et 0 0 0 0 k 186.931 324.3 87.998 11.695 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 9 0 0 9 206.9313 328.3986 tm 0 0 0 1 k (equality)tj et 0 0 0 0 k 186.549 574.654 81.585 13.77 re f bt /f0 1 tf 9 0 0 9 197.8453 580.8278 tm 0 0 0 1 k (inequality)tj et q endstream endobj 11 0 obj << /length 4718 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 55 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 tc 0.119 tw [(hence, disagr)18(eement, competition and even conflict between 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must be pr)17(eserved.)]tj 0 -1.21904 td -0.009 tc -0.003 tw [(roads and railways must be built thr)18(ough natural habitats so that tourists)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (can see them.)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 9 0 0 9 93.6521 431.8578 tm 0 0 0 1 k (104)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 93.6521 420.8865 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(t)92(ourists must be able to enjoy themselves as they wish.)]tj 0 -1.21905 td (t)tj 0.521 0 td [(ourists must r)18(espect br)8(uneian values and traditions.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 9 0 0 9 93.6521 398.9437 tm 0 0 0 1 k (105)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 93.6521 387.9724 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.049 tw [(islands in sg. br)8(unei ar)18(e valuable because they pr)17(ovide an undisturbed)]tj 0 -1.21905 td 0 tw [(envir)18(onment.)]tj 0 -1.21903 td [(islands in sg. br)8(unei ar)18(e valuable because they can be exploited and )]tj 0 -1.21905 td (managed.)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 9 0 0 9 93.6521 344.0869 tm 0 0 0 1 k (106)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 93.6521 333.1156 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(muara and serasa should pr)19(ovide beach attractions to tourists.)]tj 0 -1.21904 td (muara and serasa should pr)tj 12.49194 0 td [(ovide industrial and commer)19(cial facilities.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 9 0 0 9 93.6521 311.1729 tm 0 0 0 1 k (107)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 93.6521 300.2015 tm 0 0 0 1 k (t)tj 0.521 0 td -0.004 tw (ourists ar)tj 4.13123 0 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.7252 0 td 0 tc (attracted by traditional activities like fishing, craft work and)tj -5.37743 -1.21904 td 0 tw (cooking)tj 0 -1.21905 td [(jobs in tourism will r)18(eplace traditional ways of earning a living.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 9 0 0 9 93.6521 267.2874 tm 0 0 0 1 k (108)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 93.6521 256.3161 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.009 tc -0.004 tw [(t)92(ourists will not visit ar)17(eas wher)18(e the natural envir)17(onment has been dam)1(-)]tj 0 -1.21905 td 0 tc 0 tw [(aged. t)92(ourists ar)18(e a major cause of damage to the natural envir)18(onment.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 9 0 0 9 93.6521 234.3734 tm 0 0 0 1 k (109)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 93.6521 223.402 tm 0 0 0 1 k (t)tj 0.521 0 td (ourism r)tj 3.76782 0 td (evenues will r)tj 6.19287 0 td [(eplace oil and gas r)18(evenues in the long r)7(un.)]tj -10.48169 -1.21906 td [(t)92(ourist expenditur)17(es ar)18(e often on imported goods and services.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 9 0 0 9 93.6521 201.4593 tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)tj 0.46313 0 td (10)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 93.6521 190.4879 tm 0 0 0 1 k (t)tj 0.521 0 td (ourist numbers must be kept low to minimise damage to coastal and)tj -0.271 -1.21904 td (jungle ecosystems.)tj -0.25 -1.21905 td (t)tj 0.521 0 td -0.005 tc [(o)-5(u)-5(r)-5(ist numbers must be maximised to earn the gr)17(eatest possible r)18(evenue.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 112.2637 132.4601 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(figur)17(e 3. sample of pairs of statements included in the )]tj 6.72657 -1.21904 td (\322perspective document\323 )tj -10.3899 -2.4381 td (note: \322serasa\323 and \322muara\323 ar)tj 13.7666 0.00001 td (e, r)tj 1.35572 0.00001 td [(espectively)111(, a location near the mouth)]tj -15.0902 -1.2191 td [(of the br)8(unei river which is home to a fishing community and an indus-)]tj 3.7011 -1.219 td (trial estate, and the port at the mouth of the same river)tj 24.03418 0.00001 td (.)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 79.414 158 313.605 435.5 re s 81.414 160 309.605 431.5 re s 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6774 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(education and )100(t)80(raining f)19(or sustainab)10(le )100(t)80(ourism)-14008(207)]tj et q endstream endobj 19 0 obj << /length 5353 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 55 582.7394 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.04 tw [(wher)18(e a lar)17(ge 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r)18(esear)17(ch, it does serve to illustrate what was, per-)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.018 tw (haps, its most fundamental characteristic. this was the use of qualitative)tj t* -0.001 tc -0.011 tw (techniques to establish a set of potentially significant categories, followed)tj t* 0 tc -0.007 tw [(by a mor)18(e quantitative appr)16(oach to seek to establish the degr)18(ee of signifi-)]tj t* 0 tw [(cance of any particular category acr)18(oss the sample.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.004 tc -0.009 tw (the intervention was evaluated against envir)tj 19.73628 0 td (onmental education and)tj -21.53628 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.123 tw [(pr)17(ofessional development guidelines fr)19(om both positivist \(hungerfor)17(d,)]tj t* 0.039 tw [(peyton & w)55(ilke, 1980; hungerfor)17(d & v)111(olk, 1990\) and critical \(fien, 1993;)]tj t* -0.02 tc 0.007 tw (robottom, 1987\) educational orientations. this was felt to be consistent both)tj t* 0 tc 0.002 tw (with the \322clumsy\323 commitment of the r)tj 17.41542 0 td 0 tw (esear)tj 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53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6957 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (208)tj 23.11983 0.00001 td 0 tc (stephen gough &)tj 8.72071 0.00001 td (william scott)tj et q endstream endobj 20 0 obj << /length 4944 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.11 tw [(p)-15(o)-15(t)-15(e)-15(n)-15(t)-15(i)-16(al adaptive concepts which wer)18(e identified during the r)18(esear)17(ch.)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.017 tc -0.01 tw [(subsequently)110(, evidence emer)18(ged that 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 wer)18(e also raising these issues)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.025 tc -0.002 tw [(appr)17(opriately in their examination-r)17(elated work in management, and a num-)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.029 tc 0.002 tw (ber of individual 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 seeking admission to higher education institutions)tj t* -0.031 tc 0.004 tw [(in the united kingdom in commer)18(cial subjects dr)19(e)1(w)1( 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[(such claims could be made for them. if, as this paper has ar)19(gued, the)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.011 tw (attempt to educate for sustainable tourism development must necessarily)tj t* -0.01 tc -0.002 tw [(p)1(r)18(ecede any finalisation of principles that might guide it, then such further)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(work might be hoped, over time, to contribute to an ar)17(chive of experience.)]tj t* -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(this, in turn, might inform continuing developments in envir)18(onmental edu-)]tj t* -0.018 tc 0.006 tw [(cation, gr)18(ounded in cultural theory)110(. the basis for such gr)18(ounding lies, as we)]tj t* 0 tc 0.116 tw (hope our ar)tj 5.36047 0 td (guments have illustrated, in the ability of a cultural theory)tj -5.36047 -1.3 td 0.006 tc 0 tw (appr)tj 2.10287 0 td 0.119 tw (oach to inform methodologies which r)tj 17.70219 0 td (espect, not only competing)tj -19.80506 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.012 tw [(solutions to the pr)18(oblem of sustainable tourism, but also competing defi-)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tw [(nitions of that pr)17(oblem.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 182.9087 145.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (notes on contributors)tj -10.99087 -2.38 td -0.016 tc 0.003 tw (stephen gough)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 145.3144 121.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.016 tc (and )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 164.1508 121.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.016 tc 0.003 tw [(w)36(illiam scott)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 226.6336 121.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.016 tc 0.003 tw [(ar)18(e members of the centr)17(e for resear)18(ch)]tj -15.3634 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(in education and the envir)18(onment at the university of bath. the mission)]tj t* -0.023 tc 0.01 tw [(of the centr)17(e is to pr)18(omote, thr)18(ough r)17(esear)18(ch and scholarship, the theor)18(etical)]tj t* -0.008 tc -0.004 tw (and practical understanding, and r)tj 15.04626 -0.00001 td [(ealization of the goals of envir)18(onmental)]tj -15.0463 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (education. )tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6774 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(education and )100(t)80(raining f)19(or sustainab)10(le )100(t)80(ourism)-14008(209)]tj et q endstream endobj 21 0 obj << /length 10833 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 173.0085 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (references)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 37 564.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(adelman, c., jenkins, d., & kemmis, s. (1980). rethinking case study: notes fr)19(o)-1(m)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0.009 tw [(the second cambridge confer)18(ence. in h. simons (ed.), )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 272.3667 553.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.009 tw [(t)111(owards a science of the)]tj -24.15186 -1.16667 td 0 tw (singular)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 88.2418 543.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.054 tw [((pp. 47-61). norwich, university of east )37(anglia: centr)17(e for )37(applied)]tj -3.69353 -1.16667 td 0 tw [(resear)18(ch in education.)]tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(alderman, c.l. (1994). the economics and the r)19(ole of privately-owned lands used)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0.02 tc 0.105 tw [(for natur)17(e tourism, education and conservation)1(. in m. munasinghe & j.)]tj t* 0.001 tc 0.123 tw (mcneely (eds.), )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 123.4616 501.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.001 tc 0.123 tw [(pr)18(otected ar)17(ea economics and policy: linking conservation and)]tj -7.60684 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (sustainable development)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 145.6526 490.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [((pp. 273-317). w)92(ashington dc: w)91(orld bank/iucn.)]tj -12.07251 -1.16667 td 0.008 tc 0.117 tw (bliss, j., monk, m., & ogborn, j. (1983). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 204.8874 480.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.008 tc 0.117 tw (qualitative data analysis for educational)tj -16.65416 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw [(r)18(esear)17(ch)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 84.3379 469.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.49987 0 td 0 tc [(london: cr)18(oom helm.)]tj -5.75963 -1.16667 td 0.02 tc 0.122 tw (caduto, m. (1985). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 119.3753 459.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 tc 0.122 tw [(a)-355(guide on envir)17(onmental education values education)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 329.9716 459.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0199 tc (.)tj 0.66216 0 td 0.02 tc (paris:)tj -31.21456 -1.16667 td 0 tc [(unesco-unep)129(.)]tj -2 -1.16667 td 0.02 tc 0.247 tw [(cater)74(, e. (1995). envir)18(onmental contradictions in sustainable tourism. t)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 350.8208 438.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 tc (he)tj -32.86898 -1.16667 td 0 tc (geographical journal)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 131.8867 427.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 136.3867 427.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (161)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 149.8867 427.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((1), 21-28.)tj -12.54297 -1.16667 td 0.106 tw [(cater)74(, e. & goodall, b. (1992). must tourism destr)19(oy its r)17(esour)18(ce base? in )37(a.m.)]tj 2 -1.16667 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw (mannion & s.r. bowlby (eds.),)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 179.4393 406.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(envir)18(onmental issues in the 1990s)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 305.8277 406.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.01 tw ((pp. 309-324).)tj -27.86974 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw [(chichester: john w)55(iley)110(.)]tj -2 -1.16666 td -0.015 tc (cr)tj 1.05633 0 td 0.002 tw (oall, j. (1995). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 99.4362 385.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.015 tc (pr)tj 0.95233 0 td 0.002 tw (eserve or destr)tj 5.54161 0 td (oy: t)tj 1.87215 0 td (ourism and the envir)tj 8.10932 0 td 0 tw (onment)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 274.4122 385.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0149 tc (.)tj 0.47242 0 td -0.015 tc 0.002 tw (london: gulbenkian)tj -24.85155 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (foundation.)tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.015 tc 0.002 tw (douglas, m. (ed.). (1982). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 136.4782 364.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.015 tc 0.002 tw (essays in the sociology of per)tj 11.2612 0 td 0 tw (ception)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 263.058 364.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0148 tc (.)tj 0.47258 0 td -0.015 tc 0.002 tw (london: routledge and)tj -23.59014 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (kegan paul.)tj -2 -1.16667 td 0.022 tw (fien, j. (1993). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 95.2316 343.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.022 tw [(education for the envir)17(onment: critical curriculum theorising and envi)-1(-)]tj -4.47018 -1.16667 td 0 tw [(r)18(onmental education)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 129.7356 333.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 tc (.)tj 0.49969 0 td 0 tc [(geelong: deakin university pr)17(ess.)]tj -10.80365 -1.16667 td 0.009 tc 0.116 tw (filion, f)tj 3.71631 0 td (.l., foley)tj 4.13244 0 td 0.0088 tc (,)tj 0.63367 0 td 0.009 tc 0 tw (j.p)tj 1.08459 0 td 0.116 tw (., & jacquemot, )tj 7.40442 0 td [(a.j. (1994). the economics of global eco)1(-)]tj -14.97143 -1.16668 td -0.018 tc 0.006 tw (tourism. in m. munasinghe & j. mcneely (eds.), )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 241.8875 312.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.018 tc 0.006 tw [(pr)18(otected ar)17(ea economics and pol-)]tj -20.76528 -1.16667 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw (icy: linking conservation and sustainable development)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 254.0081 301.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [((pp. 235-252). w)91(a)1(s)1(h)1(i)1(n)1(g)1(t)1(o)1(n)1(,)]tj -22.11201 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (dc: w)tj 2.89111 0 td (orld bank/iucn.)tj -4.89111 -1.16667 td -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(g)1(r)18(eenall gough, )36(a. & robottom, i. (1993). t)93(owar)18(ds a socially critical envir)18(onmen-)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0.03 tw [(tal education: w)92(ater quality studies in a coastal school. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 276.7943 270.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.03 tw (journal of curriculum)tj -24.64381 -1.16667 td 0 tw (studies)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 82.0022 259.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 86.5022 259.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (25)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 95.5022 259.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((4), 301-316.)tj -6.50024 -1.16667 td -0.006 tc -0.006 tw [(goodall, b. (1995). envir)18(onmental auditing: )37(a)-183(tool for assessing the envir)18(onmental)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (performance of tourism firms. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 176.9988 238.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (the geographical journal)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 269.6333 238.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 274.1333 238.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (161)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 287.6333 238.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((1), 29-37.)tj -27.84814 -1.16667 td -0.012 tc -0.001 tw (gough, s. (1997). )tj 7.48914 0 td (adding value: an envir)tj 9.97949 0 td [(onmental education appr)18(oach for business)]tj -15.46863 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (and management training. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 162.8462 217.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(envir)18(onmental education resear)17(ch)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 291.3313 217.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 295.8313 217.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (3)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 300.3313 217.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((1), 5-16.)tj -29.25903 -1.16667 td 0.054 tw [(gough, s. (1995). envir)18(onmental education in a r)17(egion of rapid economic devel)1(-)]tj 2 -1.16667 td -0.012 tw (opment: the case of sarawak. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 174.7773 196.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (envir)tj 2.31507 0 td -0.012 tw (onmental education resear)tj 11.02566 0 td 0 tw (ch)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 303.0045 196.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 307.3909 196.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 311.8898 196.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 tw ((3), 327-337.)tj -30.54331 -1.16667 td 0.052 tw (gough, s., oulton, c.r., & scott, w)tj 15.75171 0 td (.a.h. (1998). envir)tj 8.30542 0 td (onmental education, man)tj 11.38793 0 td (-)tj -33.44507 -1.16668 td 0.006 tc 0.119 tw (agement education and sustainability: exploring the use of adaptive con)tj 33.44485 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -33.44485 -1.16667 td -0.013 tc 0 tw (cepts. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 79.1277 165.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.013 tc 0.001 tw (international journal of envir)tj 11.72068 0 td (onmental education and information)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 315.4366 165.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0133 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 319.7043 165.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.013 tc (17)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 328.4648 165.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.013 tc 0.001 tw ((4), 367-)tj -30.38498 -1.16666 td 0 tc 0 tw (380.)tj -2 -1.16667 td 0.058 tw (ham, s.h., sutherland, d.s., & meganck, r.a. (1991). t)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 260.1301 144.371 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.058 tw [(aking envir)18(onmental inter)-1(-)]tj -22.79223 -1.16667 td 0.002 tc 0.123 tw [(pr)17(etation to pr)18(otected ar)17(eas in developing countries: pr)17(oblems in exporting a us)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (model)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 76.4958 123.371 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.5099 0 td 0 tc 0.01 tw (mimeograph. idaho, university of idaho: college of for)tj 24.7705 0 td 0 tw (estry)tj 2.06836 0.00001 td (,)tj 0.51011 0 td (w)tj 0.94508 0.00001 td (ildlife)tj -31.1924 -1.1667 td (and range sciences.)tj -2 -1.1667 td -0.017 tc 0.004 tw [(hicks, d. (1996). envisioning the futur)18(e: the challenge for envir)18(onmental educators.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 55 91.871 tm 0 0 0 1 k (envir)tj 2.3157 0 td (onmental education resear)tj 11.05347 0.00001 td (ch)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 183.4851 91.871 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 187.9851 91.871 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 192.4851 91.871 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((1), 101-108.)tj -17.2761 -1.1667 td -0.003 tw (hicks, d. & holden, c. (1995). exploring the futur)tj 22.05471 0.00001 td [(e: a missing dimension in envi)1(-)]tj -20.0547 -1.1667 td (r)tj 0.377 0 td 0 tw (onmental education. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 142.2578 70.871 tm 0 0 0 1 k (envir)tj 2.31568 0.00001 td (onmental education resear)tj 11.05347 0.00001 td (ch)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 270.7429 70.871 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 275.2429 70.871 tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 279.7429 70.871 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((2), 185-194.)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6957 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (210)tj 23.11983 0.00001 td 0 tc (stephen gough &)tj 8.72071 0.00001 td (william scott)tj et q endstream endobj 22 0 obj << /length 11503 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 73 586.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.002 tc -0.011 tw (hong, e. (1985). s)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 142.7651 586.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0019 tc (ee)tj 1.01155 0 td -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(the third w)19(orld while it lasts: the social and envir)18(onmental impact)]tj -6.76323 -1.16667 td -0.001 tc [(of tourism with particular r)18(e)1(f)1(e)1(r)18(ence to malaysia)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 263.2757 575.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0014 tc (.)tj 0.48594 0 td -0.001 tc -0.011 tw [(penang: consumers )37(association)]tj -19.62769 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (of penang.)tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.015 tc 0.003 tw (huckle, j. & sterling, s. (eds.). (1996). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 218.2438 554.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.015 tc 0.003 tw (education for sustainability)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 315.7503 554.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0153 tc (.)tj 0.47209 0 td -0.015 tc 0.003 tw (london: earthscan.)tj -27.44435 -1.16667 td 0.003 tc 0.122 tw [(h)1(u)1(n)1(g)1(e)1(r)1(f)1(o)1(r)18(d, h., peyton, r., & w)55(ilke, r. (1980). goals for curriculum develop)1(-)]tj 2 -1.16667 td -0.007 tc -0.005 tw [(ment in envir)18(onmental education. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 225.9488 533.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tc -0.005 tw [(journal of envir)18(onmental education)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 355.82 533.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0072 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 360.1426 533.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.062 tc (11)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 368.5184 533.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tc -0.005 tw ((3), 42-)tj -30.83538 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (47.)tj -2 -1.16667 td 0.058 tw [(hungerfor)17(d, h. & v)111(olk, t)74(. (1990). changing learner behaviour thr)17(ough envir)18(on)-1(-)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tw (mental education. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 164.7161 502.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(journal of envir)18(onmental education)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 296.9365 502.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 301.4365 502.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 305.9365 502.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((3), 8-17.)tj -25.88183 -1.16667 td -0.008 tc -0.004 tw [(hungerfor)17(d, h. & v)111(olk, t)74(. (1984). the challenges of k-12 envir)18(onmental education.)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0.018 tw [(in )37(a.b. sacks (ed.), )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 169.1198 481.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.018 tw [(monographs in envir)18(onmental education and envir)18(onmental)]tj -8.67998 -1.16667 td 0 tw (studies)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 118.0022 470.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 122.5022 470.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 127.0022 470.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.49994 0 td [(5-30. t)90(r)18(oy)111(, ohio: naaee.)]tj -6.50018 -1.16667 td -0.015 tc 0.002 tw [(james, p)129(. & thompson, m. (1989). the plural rationality appr)18(oach. in j. br)19(own (ed.),)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 91 449.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(envir)18(onmental thr)18(eats: per)17(ception, analysis and management)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 315.751 449.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.006 tc -0.007 tw ((pp. 87-94). london:)tj -24.97233 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw [(belhaven pr)18(ess.)]tj -2 -1.16667 td (johnson, r. (1998). putting the eco into tourism. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 264.5225 428.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (asia magazine)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 319.2476 428.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 323.7476 428.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (36)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 332.7476 428.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((13), 8-12.)tj -28.86084 -1.16667 td -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(jensen, b.b. & schnack, k. (1997). the action competence appr)19(oach in envir)18(onmental)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (education. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 134.9255 407.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(envir)18(onmental education resear)17(ch)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 263.4106 407.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 267.9106 407.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (3)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 272.4106 407.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((2), 163-178.)tj -22.15674 -1.16667 td -0.004 tw [(kemmis, s., cole, p)129(., & suggett, d. (1983). )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 239.6068 397.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.004 tw (orientations to curriculum and transition:)tj -16.51187 -1.16667 td (t)tj 0.49491 0 td -0.005 tc -0.007 tw (owards the socially-critical school)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 215.0014 386.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0052 tc (.)tj 0.48211 0 td -0.005 tc -0.007 tw (melbourne: v)tj 5.97112 0 td (ictorian institute for secondary)tj -20.23117 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (education.)tj -2 -1.16667 td 0.044 tw [(king, v)128(.t)74(. (1993). t)92(ourism and cultur)18(e in malaysia. in m. hitchcock, v)130(.t)74(. king &)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0.02 tc 0.21 tw (m.j.g. parnell (eds.), )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 186.2439 355.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (t)tj 0.52 0 td 0.02 tc 0.21 tw (ourism in south east asia)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 303.2752 355.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 tc 0.21 tw (\(pp. 99-1)tj 4.20209 0 td (16\). london:)tj -27.78822 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (routledge.)tj -2 -1.16667 td 0.118 tw [(lawr)18(ence, k. (1994). sustainable tourism development. in m. munasinghe & j.)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0.001 tc 0.123 tw (mcneely (eds.), )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 159.4616 323.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.001 tc (pr)tj 0.98496 0 td 0.123 tw [(otected ar)17(ea economics and policy: linking conservation and)]tj -8.5918 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (sustainable development)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 181.6526 313.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k [((pp. 263-269). w)92(ashington dc: w)91(orld bank/iucn.)]tj -12.07251 -1.16667 td [(mowforth, m. (1993). in sear)18(ch of an ecotourist. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 263.6282 302.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(t)111(ourism in focus)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 326.7952 302.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 331.2952 302.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (9)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 335.7952 302.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.4999 0 td (2-3.)tj -29.69937 -1.16667 td 0.051 tw [(murshed, h. (1995). management education and training in br)8(unei dar)8(ussalam.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 91 281.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.011 tc 0.114 tw [(country r)17(eports: management education and training)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 301.1209 281.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.011 tc 0.114 tw ((pp. 1-20). bandar seri)tj -23.34677 -1.16667 td 0 tc -0.012 tw [(begawan: universiti br)8(unei dar)8(ussalam and )37(association of south east )38(asian)]tj t* 0 tw (institutions of higher learning.)tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(pleumar)18(om, )37(a. (1994). the political economy of tourism. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 290.3566 250.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.02 tc 0.007 tw (the ecologist)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 336.992 250.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0199 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 341.2007 250.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.02 tc (24)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 349.8431 250.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.02 tc 0.007 tw ((4), 142-148.)tj -30.76035 -1.16667 td 0 tc -0.008 tw [(posch, p)129(. (1991). envir)18(onment and schools initiative: backgr)18(ound and basic pr)18(em-)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0.125 tw [(ises of the pr)18(oject. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 168.7809 229.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.125 tw [(envir)18(onment, schools and active learning)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 327.1241 229.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.125 tw ((pp.13-18). paris:)tj -26.23601 -1.16667 td 0 tw [(centr)17(e for educational resear)19(ch and innovation, oecd.)]tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.005 tc -0.007 tw [(roberts, m. (1998). dr)18(eam factories: )37(a)-182(survey of travel and tourism. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 339.5229 208.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc -0.007 tw (the economist)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 392.7492 208.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj -33.52769 -1.16667 td (january 10)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 133.4622 199.8838 tm 0 0 0 1 k (th)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 138.9084 197.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 tc (,)tj 0.49967 0 td 0 tc (supplement.)tj -7.82283 -1.16667 td [(robinson, v)129(.m. (1993). )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 164.3074 187.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(pr)18(oblem-based methodology)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 265.1926 187.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 tc (.)tj 0.49968 0 td 0 tc [(oxfor)17(d: per)18(gamon pr)18(ess.)]tj -21.85441 -1.16667 td -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(robottom, i. (1987). t)92(owar)18(ds inquiry-based pr)17(ofessional development in envir)19(on)-1(-)]tj 2 -1.16667 td -0.016 tc 0.003 tw (mental education. in i. robottom (ed.), )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 242.7276 166.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.016 tc (envir)tj 2.23579 0 td 0.003 tw [(onmental education, practice and pos)-1(-)]tj -19.09441 -1.16666 td 0 tc 0 tw (sibility)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 118.4131 155.9039 tm 0 0 0 1 k [((pp. 83-120). geelong: deakin university pr)17(ess.)]tj -5.0459 -1.16667 td -0.012 tw (schwarz, m. & thompson, m. (1990). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 222.0539 145.4039 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 tw (divided we stand: redefining politics, technolo)tj 18.88359 0.00001 td (-)tj -33.44513 -1.16667 td 0 tw (gy and social choice)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 162.2222 134.9039 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.4997 0 td 0 tc (philadelphia: university of pennsylvania pr)tj 19.36992 0 td (ess.)tj -29.7832 -1.16667 td -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(sterling, s. (1993). envir)18(onmental education and sustainability: a view fr)17(om holis-)]tj 2 -1.1667 td -0.016 tc 0.003 tw (tic ethics. in j. fien (ed.), )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 187.2497 113.9039 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.016 tc (envir)tj 2.2361 0.00001 td 0.003 tw (onmental education: a)tj 9.02803 0.00001 td (pathway to sustainability)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 379.3697 113.9039 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.016 tc (\(pp.)tj -32.0411 -1.1667 td 0 tc (69-98\). geelong: deakin university pr)tj 16.70752 0.00001 td (ess.)tj -18.7075 -1.1667 td [(thompson, m. (1997). security and solidarity: an anti-r)18(eductionist framework for)]tj 2 -1.1667 td 0.02 tc 0.159 tw (thinking about the r)tj 9.68138 0.00001 td (elationship between us and the r)tj 15.80761 0.00001 td (est of natur)tj 5.55178 0.00001 td 0 tw (e. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 381.143 82.4039 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 tc (the)tj -32.2381 -1.1667 td 0 tc (geographical journal)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 167.8867 71.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 172.3867 71.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (163)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 185.8867 71.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((2), 141-149.)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6774 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(education and )100(t)80(raining f)19(or sustainab)10(le )100(t)80(ourism)-14008(211)]tj et q endstream endobj 23 0 obj << /length 3674 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 37 586.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.081 tw (thompson, m. (1990). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 128.1819 586.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.081 tw (policy making in the face of uncertainty)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 277.0397 586.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.58128 0 td 0 tc 0.081 tw (london: musgrave)tj -25.25236 -1.16667 td -0.019 tc 0.006 tw [(institute and w)49(ye college; geneva: international )36(academy of the envir)19(onment.)]tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(thompson, m., ellis, r., & w)56(ildavsky)111(, )37(a. (1990). )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 227.4003 565.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.01 tw (cultural theory)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 283.7133 565.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0026 tc (.)tj 0.48483 0 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw (boulder colorado)tj -25.89742 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw [(and oxfor)18(d: w)92(estview)91(.)]tj -2 -1.16667 td [(t)55(ickell, c. (1993). quoted in: )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 151.8027 544.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (the geographical journal)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 244.4373 544.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 248.9373 544.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (159)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 262.4373 544.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k [((1), 1)55(14.)]tj -25.04859 -1.14444 td -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(united nations educational, scientific, and cultural or)18(ganization-united nations)]tj 2 -1.14445 td 0 tc 0 tw [(envir)18(onmental pr)17(ogram (unesco-unep). (1996). )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 259.2952 523.8038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (connect)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 289.457 523.8038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 293.957 523.8038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (xxi)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 309.9465 523.8038 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((2), 1-3.)tj -30.32739 -1.16667 td [(unesco-unep)129(. (1977). the tbilisi declaration. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 230.3594 513.3038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (connect)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 260.5212 513.3038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 265.0212 513.3038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (3)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 269.5212 513.3038 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((1), 1-8.)tj -25.83569 -1.16667 td 0.005 tc 0.12 tw [(w)55(inter)73(, r. (1982). dilemma analysis: a contribution to methodology for action)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw [(r)18(esear)18(ch. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 92.448 492.3038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (cambridge journal of education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 209.5007 492.3038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 214.0007 492.3038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (12)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 223.0007 492.3038 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((3), 161-174.)tj -20.66675 -1.16667 td 0.117 tw [(w)92(olcott, h.f)91(. (1988). ethnographic r)18(esear)18(ch in education. in r.m. jaeger (eds.),)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 55 471.3038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.006 tc -0.006 tw [(complementary methods for resear)18(ch in education)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 241.5796 471.3038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.006 tc -0.006 tw [((pp.187-206). w)92(ashington dc:)]tj -20.73107 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw [(american educational resear)19(ch )37(associati)-1(on.)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6957 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (212)tj 23.11983 0.00001 td 0 tc (stephen gough &)tj 8.72071 0.00001 td (william scott)tj et q endstream endobj 24 0 obj << /nums[0<>] >> endobj 25 0 obj << /differences[32/space 44/comma 48/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon 65/a 67/c/d/e/f/g/h/i 76/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u 87/w 89/y 97/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i 108/l/m/n/o/p 114/r/s/t/u/v 120/x/y 142/eacute 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