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1 k -0.011 tc -0.002 tw [(snively and sheppy (1991) had not used their questionnair)18(es wher)17(e an)]tj -1.8 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.062 tw [(instr)8(u)-1(ctional)1( )-1(tr)18(eatment was the focus, as their study had focused on the)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.002 tc 0.123 tw [(development of the questionnair)18(es and had been a comparison of stu-)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.089 tw [(dents in grades 5 and 9 in the thr)18(ee communities in b.c. ther)18(efor)18(e, the)]tj t* 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(r)18(esear)18(chers wanted to determine if these instr)8(uments wer)18(e valuable as)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.014 tw [(pr)17(e-test and post-test instr)8(uments to assess the development of 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325)]tj t* -0.022 tc 0.009 tw [(knowledge of seashor)18(e and ocean ecology)111(, their possible changes in attitude,)]tj t* 0.002 tc 0.123 tw [(and what opinions they had about a variety of marine r)17(esour)18(ce issues)]tj t* -0.015 tc 0.002 tw [(befor)17(e and after that instr)8(uction. )36(additionally)111(, the curr)18(ent r)17(esear)18(ch attempt-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.091 tw [(ed to determine if the questionnair)17(es could be used successfully with a)]tj t* 0 tw [(younger gr)17(oup of childr)18(en (grade 4). )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 428.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (site and participants)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 408.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.103 tw [(this study involved one class of 15 males and 1)57(1 females in grade 4 at)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.019 tc 0.007 tw (lampson st. school in esquimalt, british columbia, canada. located on the)tj t* -0.014 tc 0.002 tw [(southern tip of v)91(ancouver island, esquimalt has a population of 18,000 and)]tj t* 0 tc 0.014 tw [(is one of six municipalities of the coastal city of v)55(ictoria, a mid-sized city)]tj t* 0.041 tw (with a population of 300,000 people. ocean based industries play only a)tj t* -0.001 tw [(small part in the economy of the city and other r)18(esour)17(ce-based industries)]tj t* 0 tw [(ar)18(e not highly visible.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.023 tc 0.01 tw (the school and all 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 in its catchment ar)tj 19.42096 0 td (ea ar)tj 2.00224 0 td -0.0229 tc (e)tj 0.69345 0 td -0.023 tc (within walking dis)tj 7.95077 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.86742 -1.30001 td -0.02 tc 0.007 tw (tance of a beach. many of the childr)tj 15.05051 0 td (en have limited backgr)tj 9.68007 0 td (ound experiences)tj -24.73058 -1.30001 td -0.013 tc 0 tw [(and the school as a whole has a higher than average per)18(centage of 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 )]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc [(with learning dif)17(ficulties.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 250.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(resear)17(ch questionnair)17(es)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 230.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 tc -0.011 tw [(four questionnair)18(es developed for grades 5 and 9 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 and described)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.031 tw (by snively and sheppy (1991) wer)tj 15.19114 0 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.75946 0 td 0 tc (used to collect the data in this study)tj 15.99939 0 td (.)tj -31.94999 -1.30001 td 0.009 tw [(cummins (1997), modified two of the questionnair)18(es to make them mor)19(e)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tw [(appr)17(opriate to grade 4 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 .)]tj 0 -2.6 td tj 1.8 0.00001 td (t)tj 0.61779 0.00001 td -0.02 tc 0.083 tw (he ocean backgr)tj 7.25956 0 td [(ound questionnair)18(e contains 25 items which include)]tj -7.87735 -1.30002 td -0.035 tc 0.003 tw [(questions about the fr)17(equency of 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 visits to the seashor)18(e, their pr)18(e)1(f-)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.026 tc -0.007 tw [(er)17(ences for studying the seashor)18(e or ocean envir)18(onment, the fr)18(equency of)]tj t* -0.016 tc 0.121 tw [(their use of the ocean for a variety of activities, and the fr)18(equency in)]tj t* -0.02 tc 0 tw [(which they engaged in learning experiences which wer)17(e ocean-r)18(elated. )]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc tj 1.8 0 td -0.011 tc -0.002 tw [(the ocean )37(attitudes questionnair)17(e is a 37 item questionnair)18(e designed)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.003 tc -0.009 tw (to assess 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 attitudes towar)tj 14.91773 0.00001 td [(ds the ocean. five choices ar)18(e given)]tj -14.9177 -1.3 td -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(for r)18(esponses ranging fr)17(om str)18(ongly disagr)18(ee to str)18(ongly agr)17(ee. the top-)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (the eff)tj 3.3782 0 td (ect of instruction on children\325)tj 14.15942 0.00001 td -0.0002 tc (s)tj 0.83367 0 td 0 tc (kno)tj 1.92878 0.00001 td (wledg)tj 2.84302 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.8337 0 td 0 tc (of marine ecology)tj 12.47315 0.00001 td (309)tj et q endstream endobj 9 0 obj << /length 5009 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 55 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc -0.009 tw [(i)-5(c)-5(s)-5( )-5(c)-5(o)-5(v)-5(e)-5(r)-5( )-5(a)-5( )-5(v)-5(a)-5(r)-4(iety of specific coastal issues such as wild marine mam)1(-)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.016 tc -0.002 tw [(mals in captivity)111(, r)17(emoving seashells fr)18(om beaches, and the commer)19(cial)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.015 tc [(fishing industry)110(. the following ar)18(e examples of the types of items used:)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0 tw [(-)-1467(the killer whales in aquariums should be kept on display for the)]tj 1.8 -1.30001 td [(public to enjoy)110(.)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.009 tc -0.004 tw [(-)-1476(pulp mills should be allowed to dump chemical waste into oceans)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (and lakes.)tj -1.8 -1.3 td [(-)-1467(commer)18(cial fishermen should be allowed to fish whenever and )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td [(wher)18(ever they want.)]tj -3.6 -1.3 td -0.016 tc 0.004 tw [-1210(the ocean life questionnair)18(e is a 30 item multiple choice questionnair)18(e)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw (designed to assess 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 scientific knowledge of the ocean and)tj t* 0.014 tc 0.111 tw [(coastline. it consists of thr)18(ee sub-tests; physical oceanography \(7)]tj t* 0 tc 0.093 tw [(items\), ocean ecology \(14 items\), and human ef)19(fects on the ocean)]tj t* 0 tw (envir)tj 2.42529 0 td (onment (9 items).)tj -4.22529 -1.3 td tj 1.8 0 td -0.017 tc 0.124 tw [(the ocean opinions questionnair)18(e is a 20 item multiple choice ques-)]tj t* -0.034 tc 0.007 tw [(t)3(i)3(o)3(n)3(n)3(a)3(i)3(r)20(e)3( )3(i)3(n)3( )3(w)3(h)3(ich 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 ar)18(e asked to choose, fr)18(om among four options,)]tj t* -0.013 tc -0.01 tw [(t)5(h)5(e)5( )5(o)5(n)5(e)5( )5(w)5(h)5(i)5(c)5(h)5( )5(b)5(e)5(s)5(t)5( )5(m)7(atches their opinion as to an appr)18(opriate course of)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.003 tw [(action to take in a given r)17(esour)18(ce conflict situation. \322exploitive\323 stance)]tj t* -0.039 tc 0.009 tw [(options wer)18(e written to expr)17(ess the point of view that immediate economic)]tj t* -0.018 tc -0.001 tw [(r)18(eturn is the prime concern in human interaction with the envir)17(onment.)]tj t* 0.002 tc 0.182 tw (\322conservationist\323 stance op)tj 12.81698 0 td 0.01 tc (tions r)tj 3.0475 0 td (ecognize that canadian society)tj -15.86448 -1.30001 td -0.01 tc 0.125 tw [(depends upon the utilization of natur)17(e\325s r)18(esour)18(ces to meet its needs)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.025 tc 0.003 tw [(and desir)18(es, but that the r)17(esour)18(ces must be used car)18(efully in or)17(der to pr)18(e-)]tj t* -0.017 tc -0.005 tw [(vent their depletion or extinction so they ar)17(e maintained into the futur)17(e.)]tj t* -0.013 tc -0.01 tw [(\322pr)18(eservationist\323 stance options wer)17(e written to r)17(eflect the a)7(t)7(t)7(i)7(t)7(u)7(d)7(e)7( )7(t)7(h)7(a)7(t)]tj t* -0.015 tc 0.012 tw [(h)3(u)3(m)3(a)3(n)3(s)3( )3(s)3(h)3(o)3(u)3(l)3(d)3( )3(i)3(n)3(t)3(e)3(r)3(f)3(e)3(r)21(e)3( )3(m)3(i)3(n)3(i)3(m)3(a)3(l)3(l)3(y or not at all with natural pr)17(ocesses,)]tj t* 0.011 tw (that economic considerations should never be a factor in decision mak)tj 30.06726 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -30.06726 -1.3 td -0.022 tc -0.005 tw (ing or that humans should seek to r)tj 14.85208 0 td 0 tw (estor)tj 2.04009 0 td -0.0224 tc (e)tj 0.67886 0 td -0.022 tc -0.005 tw (the envir)tj 3.72429 0 td -0.025 tc (onment to some \322nat)tj 8.77183 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -30.06715 -1.30001 td -0.018 tc 0 tw (ural\323 condition. the following is an example of the sort of item used:)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 9 0 0 9 73 201.1709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(some species of whales ar)19(e not near extinction. what should be done)]tj 0 -1.16667 td (about hunting these kinds of whales?)tj 0 -1.27778 td (a. hunting whales should be allowed because it pr)tj 22.87182 0 td (ovides)tj -22.87182 -1.16667 td (people with food, clothing and money)tj 16.80738 0.00001 td (.)tj -16.80738 -1.16667 td (b. hunting whales should not be allowed because whales)tj t* [(ar)18(e beautiful and intelligent.)]tj t* (c. it is alright to kill a certain number of these kinds)tj t* [(of whales as long as plenty ar)18(e left.)]tj t* (d. hunting whales should not be allowed because whales )tj t* [(ar)18(e part of the food chain.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 92.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 tc (option )tj 3.7271 0 td 0 tc (a)tj 1.2558 0 td 0.02 tc 0.243 tw (is the exploitive option, option c the contr)tj 21.34842 0.00001 td (olled use or)tj -26.3313 -1.3 td -0.004 tc -0.008 tw [(conservationist option, and options b and d r)18(e)1(p)1(r)19(esent the pr)17(eservationist)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.936 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6927 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (310)tj 22.03439 0.00001 td 0 tc (shirle)tj 2.76343 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (y)tj 0.83374 0 td 0 tc (cummins & gloria snivel)tj 11.93018 0.00001 td (y)tj et q endstream endobj 10 0 obj << /length 4925 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(stance. 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 r)18(esponses will be scor)18(ed so that each student r)18(eceives an)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0 tw [(exploitative scor)18(e, a conservationist scor)18(e, and a pr)18(eservationist scor)18(e. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 180.8359 538.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (instructional strategies)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 514.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.015 tc 0.003 tw [(cummins wanted to cr)18(eate an educational pr)18(ogram that would addr)18(ess the)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.008 tc 0.117 tw (dimensions of knowledge, attitudes and values, and behaviour rather)tj t* 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(than focus on knowledge alone, a traditional appr)18(oach for many envi-)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(r)18(onmental educators \(ballantyne & packer)74(, 1996\). )37(as well, a constr)8(uctivist)]tj t* -0.025 tc 0.012 tw [(view of learning guided the development of the unit. this appr)18(oach to learn-)]tj t* 0 tc -0.012 tw [(ing takes into account the way childr)17(en \322develop their own 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[(r)18(esour)18(ce can be utilized as a food sour)18(ce for humans and at the same time)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.022 tc 0.004 tw [(be managed wisely to ensur)18(e viable salmon stocks for futur)18(e generations. by)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.023 tc 0.005 tw [(critically analyzing one marine r)17(esour)18(ce issue in depth, it was hoped that the)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.003 tc 0.123 tw [(世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 would be better able to apply their knowledge and make r)16(ea-)]tj t* -0.005 tc 0 tw [(soned judgements about a range of marine r)18(esour)18(ce issues.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.075 tw [(the first field trip site was within walking distance for the childr)18(en)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.01 tc -0.003 tw [(involved, thus pr)18(oviding an opportunity for r)17(epeated visits. the beach has)]tj -0.0018 tc (a)' 0.73562 0 td -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(small sandy ar)18(ea and a r)18(ocky shor)18(e containing many tide pools wher)18(ein)]tj -0.73562 -1.3 td -0.0002 tc (a)tj 0.7406 0 td 0 tc -0.009 tw [(gr)17(eat diversity of marine plants and animals can be viewed in their nat-)]tj -0.7406 -1.3 td -0.01 tc -0.003 tw (ural habitats. the other site was the cowichan bay marine ecology station)tj t* 0 tc 0.004 tw [(wher)18(e the childr)17(en wer)18(e given further opportunity to explor)16(e the charac-)]tj t* -0.009 tw [(teristics of living marine animals and plants using micr)18(oscopes, in aquar)1(-)]tj t* 0.125 tw [(ia, on r)18(eal time video, and thr)18(ough plankton collecting excursions and)]tj t* 0 tw (observations.)tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.014 tc 0.001 tw [(the childr)18(en wer)18(e r)17(equir)18(ed to keep a field log for r)17(ecor)18(ding descriptive)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.055 tw (and statistical information (date, time, tide levels, and weather), and for)tj t* 0.008 tc 0.117 tw [(sketching seashor)18(e animals, tidepools, zonation, and making observa-)]tj t* -0.012 tc -0.001 tw [(tional notes. they wer)18(e given time to r)17(eflect and interact with each other in)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(small and lar)18(ge gr)17(oups using their field logs. the unit of study was taught)]tj t* 0 tc 0.048 tw [(over an eight week period and involved r)18(eading and writing to support)]tj t* -0.005 tw (active and constr)tj 7.49439 0 td (uctive learning as well as pr)tj 12.32448 0 td (omoting the use of scientific)tj -19.81887 -1.30001 td 0 tw [(inquiry and pr)17(oblem solving skills.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 78.7507 278.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325)-194(pre- and post-instructional responses)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 254.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.012 tc 0.113 tw [(pair)18(ed sample )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 106.3411 254.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (t)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 109.7904 254.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.012 tc 0.113 tw [(-test wer)17(e used to compar)19(e pr)17(e- and post-data on the)]tj -7.27904 -1.3 td -0.008 tc -0.004 tw [(ocean life questionnair)18(e, the ocean )36(attitude questionnair)18(e and the ocean)]tj t* 0 tc 0.093 tw [(opinions questionnair)18(e. pearson pr)17(oduct-moment coef)19(ficients wer)17(e cal-)]tj t* -0.018 tc 0.005 tw (culated to sear)tj 6.14889 0 td (ch f)tj 1.54273 0 td -0.008 tc [(or corr)18(elations among attitudes, knowledge and stances.)]tj -7.69162 -1.3 td 0.0099 tc (as)tj 1.47075 0 td 0.01 tc -0.011 tw (well, independent sample )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 170.804 202.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (t)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 174.2316 202.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.01 tc -0.011 tw (-tests wer)tj 4.33987 0 td 0.0098 tc (e)tj 0.73786 0 td 0.01 tc (performed to examine gender)tj -18.80089 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(d)-10(i)-10(f)8(fer)17(ences in attitude, knowledge and stance scor)18(es. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(during all phases of the r)18(esear)17(ch, a journal was kept by the r)18(es)-1(ear)18(cher)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.004 tc 0.121 tw (describing the various events, student interactions, comments, general)tj t* -0.021 tc 0.008 tw (observations, and r)tj 8.06924 0.00001 td [(eflections. the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 field logs wer)18(e consulted to clar)1(-)]tj -8.06924 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0 tw [(ify findings and assist with data interpr)17(etation.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 83.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (findings )tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.936 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6927 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (312)tj 22.03439 0.00001 td 0 tc (shirle)tj 2.76343 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (y)tj 0.83374 0 td 0 tc (cummins & gloria snivel)tj 11.93018 0.00001 td (y)tj et q endstream endobj 12 0 obj << /length 4971 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 ocean backgr)18(ound. the ocean backgr)18(ound questionnair)18(e was)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.115 tw [(administer)18(ed prior to instr)8(uction only)110(. this questionnair)18(e pr)18(ovided the)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.004 tc -0.009 tw [(r)18(esear)17(cher with information about the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 experiences r)18(elated to the)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.02 tc 0.008 tw [(ocean and was only administer)18(ed as a pr)18(e)1(-)1(i)1(n)1(s)1(t)1(r)9(uctional instr)7(ument. the stu-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.034 tw [(dents wer)18(e asked to r)18(eply to the questions using the wor)17(ds never)74(, some-)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.031 tw [(times, or often and the r)18(esear)17(cher summarized the data acc)1(or)18(ding to fr)18(e-)]tj t* -0.003 tw [(quencies of similar r)18(esponses. most of the childr)19(en wer)17(e fr)18(equent visitors)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.002 tw [(to the seashor)18(e with mor)17(e than 78% making 2 or mor)18(e)1( )1(t)1(r)1(i)1(p)1(s)1( )1(i)1(n)1( )1(t)1(h)1(e)1( )1(l)1(a)1(s)1(t)1( )1(y)1(e)1(a)1(r)74(.)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(no one r)18(eported never having been to the seashor)17(e.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.087 tw [(when asked what topic they would choose to study in school \(city)111(,)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.019 tc 0.007 tw [(seashor)18(e or oceans, mountains, prairies, or pond, lake, or river\), the childr)18(e)1(n)]tj t* 0 tc -0.004 tw [(chose the mountains (35%) and seashor)19(e or oceans (22%) as a first choice.)]tj t* 0.076 tw [(only 9% chose the seashor)18(e and ocean as what they would least like to)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.009 tw (study in school. it was inter)tj 12.04467 0 td (esting to note that 75% of the mountain choice)tj -12.04467 -1.3 td -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(was made by boys. )37(a)-183(father of one of the boys in this gr)18(oup is a mountain)]tj t* -0.028 tc 0.012 tw [(climber and this boy has shar)18(ed many stories with his friends about his dad\325s)]tj t* -0.003 tc 0 tw [(adventur)18(es. this factor may have influenced some of the boys choices.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.004 tc -0.009 tw [(t)-1(h)-1(e)-1( )-1(m)-1(o)-1(s)-1(t)-1( )-1(f)-1(r)17(equent use of the beach r)18(esulting in an often or sometimes)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.004 tc 0.121 tw (choice for these 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 was: (1) exploring (83%); (2) collecting shells)tj t* 0 tc -0.012 tw [((78%); (3) suntanning or picnicking (74%); and swimming (69%). the stu)1(-)]tj t* -0.009 tw (dents r)tj 3.03927 0 td (eported that 48% of them had never been sports fishing or boating)tj -3.03927 -1.3 td 0 tw (or sailing (39%).)tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.057 tw [(the childr)18(en r)18(eported they had learned about the ocean or seashor)17(e)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.008 tc -0.004 tw [(f)1(r)18(om movies and tv shows (95%), classes in school (95%), doing things on)]tj t* 0.004 tc 0.121 tw [(or by the ocean (91%), natur)17(e books and magazines (74%), and public)]tj t* 0 tc 0.123 tw [(aquaria or natur)17(e centers (70%). the newspaper was a very infr)18(equent)]tj t* 0 tw (sour)tj 1.94946 0 td (ce of information about the ocean for these childr)tj 21.69436 0 td (en with 87% choos)tj 8.2234 0 td (-)tj -31.86722 -1.30001 td (ing \322never\323 as their r)tj 9.30029 0 td (esponse.)tj -7.26067 -1.30001 td -0.01 tw [(snively and sheppy (1991) had administer)18(ed the same questionnair)18(e)]tj -2.03962 -1.3 td -0.011 tw [(to grades 5 and 9 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 in thr)18(ee dif)17(fer)18(ent geographical communities in)]tj t* 0.007 tc 0.118 tw (british columbia. over 90% of the coastal community 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 in the)tj t* 0 tc -0.005 tw [(snively and sheppy study r)17(eported visiting the ocean two or mor)18(e times,)]tj t* -0.011 tc -0.002 tw [(as compar)18(ed to 78% of these grade 4 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 in this study)111(. concerning the)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(topics suggested for study in school, the snively and sheppy r)18(espondents)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.003 tw [(chose the ocean first (41%) or second (26%) as compar)20(ed to mountains first)]tj t* 0 tc [((35%) and oceans second (22%) as pr)19(eferr)18(ed by the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 in this study)110(.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.021 tc 0.009 tw [(i)1(n)1(t)1(e)1(r)18(esting dif)18(f)1(e)1(r)18(ences wer)18(e also observed between the two studies with)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (other items on the questionnair)tj 13.80249 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.72872 0 td 0 tc [(\(see t)92(able 1\).)]tj -12.7312 -2.6 td 0.013 tc 0.112 tw [(it was inter)18(esting to note that 45% of the grade 5 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 in the)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.936 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6927 tm 0 0 0 1 k (the eff)tj 3.3782 0 td (ect of instruction on children\325)tj 14.15942 0.00001 td -0.0002 tc (s)tj 0.83367 0 td 0 tc (kno)tj 1.92878 0.00001 td (wledg)tj 2.84302 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.8337 0 td 0 tc (of marine ecology)tj 12.47315 0.00001 td (313)tj et q endstream endobj 13 0 obj << /length 5300 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.024 tc 0.011 tw [(snively and sheppy study stated that they \322rar)17(ely\323 or \322never\323 learned about)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(the ocean fr)18(om classes in school compar)19(ed to a higher per)18(centage of grade)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.0001 tc (4)tj 0.74975 0 td 0 tc 0 tw [(世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 in this study that felt school was an important r)18(esour)17(ce. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 55 327.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 tc 0.169 tw [(the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325)-385(ocean)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.005 tc 0 tw (attitudes)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 72.9663 314.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0046 tc (.)tj 0.62952 0 td 0.005 tc 0.12 tw [(the post-attitude scor)18(es on the ocean )37(attitude questionnair)17(e)]tj -4.22615 -1.3 td -0.004 tc 0 tw (wer)tj 1.67791 0 td -0.0041 tc (e)tj 0.71232 0 td -0.004 tc -0.009 tw (tabulated using the same method as was used in calculating the pr)tj 29.00237 0 td 0 tw (e-)tj -31.3926 -1.30001 td -0.009 tw [(attitude scor)18(es. the r)18(esponses for each student wer)18(e tallied fr)18(om using a 0)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.008 tw [(to 4 coding, wher)18(ein 0 was consider)18(ed very positive and 4 very negative.)]tj t* -0.022 tc 0.009 tw (the number of r)tj 6.8768 0 td [(esponses in each category (0 - 4) wer)18(e then totaled. the very)]tj -6.8768 -1.3 td 0.001 tc 0.123 tw (positive and positive r)tj 10.2684 0 td (esponses (0 and 1) wer)tj 10.5327 0 td 0.0014 tc (e)tj 0.85524 0 td 0.001 tc (then added together as)tj -21.65635 -1.30001 td -0.005 tc -0.007 tw [(wer)18(e the negative and very negative scor)17(es (3 and 4).)3( )3(t)3(h)3(e)3( )3(n)3(u)3(m)3(b)3(e)3(r)3( )3(2)3( )3(c)3(o)3(d)3(e)3(d)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(r)18(esponses wer)19(e consider)18(ed undecided and ther)18(e)1(f)1(o)1(r)19(e disr)18(e)1(g)1(a)1(r)18(ded in the)]tj t* -0.008 tc -0.007 tw [(final calculation each 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 attitude scor)18(e. the negative r)18(esponse totals)]tj t* -0.003 tc 0 tw (wer)tj 1.68221 0 td -0.0027 tc (e)tj 0.73748 0 td -0.003 tc 0.014 tw (then subtracted fr)tj 7.8204 0 td [(om the positive r)18(esponses r)18(esulting in a scor)18(e that)]tj -10.24008 -1.3 td -0.001 tc 0.124 tw (was then consider)tj 8.20386 0 td (ed to be that student\325s attitude scor)tj 16.22366 0 td -0.002 tc (e. the higher the)tj -24.42752 -1.30001 td 0.011 tc 0 tw (scor)tj 1.83368 0 td 0.112 tw [(e, the mor)18(e positive the attitude. )36(a)-317(pair)17(ed sample )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 290.7931 171.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (t)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 294.2286 171.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.011 tc 0.112 tw (-test was then)tj -25.72286 -1.3 td -0.005 tc 0 tw (administer)tj 4.71629 0 td -0.0048 tc (ed)tj 1.3153 0 td -0.005 tc -0.01 tw [(to the pr)17(e-attitude and post-attitude scor)18(es. the r)18(esults indi-)]tj -6.03159 -1.3 td -0.003 tc 0 tw (cated a significant incr)tj 9.86102 0.00001 td (ease in attitude \(see t)tj 9.39257 0.00001 td (able 2\).)tj -17.45359 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.125 tw [(the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 r)18(emained very positive (0 and 1 values combined) in)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw (their attitudes (>90%) towar)tj 12.79438 0.00001 td (ds the statements on the post-instr)tj 15.81859 0.00001 td 0 tw (uctional)tj -28.613 -1.3 td -0.006 tc -0.006 tw [(ocean )37(attitudes questionnair)17(e concerning pollution \(pulp mills, v)55(ictoria\325s)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(sewage disposal, damage to wetlands\) and the tr)18(eatment of marine mam-)]tj t* -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(mals \(harp seals being hunted for their fur)74(, whales in captivity)110(, seals being )]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 0.667 w 39.046 351.009 320.621 184.717 re s 40.379 352.342 317.954 182.051 re s bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 103.7586 523.2155 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0 tc 0 tw (ocean uses)tj -2.35608 -1.3 td ((often and sometimes))tj -3.2899 -1.3 td [(1.)-690(suntanning/picnicking)]tj t* [(2.)-690(exploring)]tj t* [(3.)-690(swimming)]tj t* (4.)tj 1.44 0 td (collecting seashells)tj -1.44 -1.3 td [(5.)-690(boating and sailing)]tj 2.49376 -1.9 td (learning about the ocean)tj 0.79614 -1.3 td ((often and sometimes))tj -3.2899 -1.3 td (1.)tj 1.44 0 td (tv)tj 1.58472 0 td (and movies)tj -3.02472 -1.30001 td (2.)tj 1.44 0 td [(natur)17(e housesm aquaria)]tj -1.44 -1.3 td [(3.)-690(first hand experience)]tj t* [(4.)-690(books/school)]tj 17.76575 16.30999 td (1990 study)tj 1.51526 -2.51904 td (64%)tj 0 -1.3 td (57%)tj (51%)' (49%)' (40%)' 0 -4.6 td (60%)tj 0 -1.3 td (58%)tj (55%)' (40%)' 5.71596 16.21823 td (1996 study)tj 1.51526 -2.51905 td (73%)tj 0 -1.3 td (83%)tj t* (69%)tj t* (78%)tj t* (39%)tj 0 -4.6 td (95%)tj 0 -1.3 td (80%)tj t* (91%)tj t* (75%)tj et 1 w 40.37 508.78 m 358.331 508.78 l s 40.5 437.535 m 357.925 437.535 l s 40.234 411.144 m 358.423 411.144 l s bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 143.0357 339.4605 tm [(t)92(able 1. t)90(wo ocean studies.)]tj et 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.936 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6927 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (314)tj 22.03439 0.00001 td 0 tc (shirle)tj 2.76343 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (y)tj 0.83374 0 td 0 tc (cummins & gloria snivel)tj 11.93018 0.00001 td (y)tj et q endstream endobj 14 0 obj << /length 5338 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 487.6219 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.294 tc (shot)tj 0 -1.3 td -0.019 tc 0.006 tw [(by salmon fishermen\). )37(also, in 91% of their r)18(esponses the childr)18(en indicated)]tj t* -0.013 tc 0 tw [(that they thought all living things had a right to exist. the same per)16(centage)]tj t* 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(of 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 agr)18(eed that str)17(onger laws ar)18(e needed to pr)18(otect our ocean,)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(seashor)18(e, and wetlands. other positive r)18(esponses \(>74% of the r)18(esponses\))]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.009 tw [(included disagr)18(eeing with marshlands being filled in and the exploitation)]tj t* -0.013 tc 0.001 tw (of natural r)tj 4.79566 0 td [(esour)18(ce. most of the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 agr)18(eed that commer)18(cial fishermen)]tj -4.79566 -1.3 td -0.009 tc -0.003 tw [(take too many fish (87%), the taking of shellfish should be r)17(estricted (87%),)]tj t* 0 tc 0.087 tw [(and that learning about )36(ar)18(ctic and )37(atlantic animals is important (78%).)]tj t* 0.018 tw [(certain items illustrated the incr)17(ease in positive student r)18(esponses in the)]tj t* 0.006 tc 0.119 tw [(post-test questionnair)17(e as compar)19(ed to the pr)17(e-test questionnair)17(e very)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(clearly \(see t)92(able 3\).)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 91 110.6219 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.004 tc -0.008 tw [(the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325)-183(ocean knowledge)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 213.3123 110.6219 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0043 tc (.)tj 0.48303 0 td -0.004 tc -0.008 tw [(the post-instr)8(uctional knowledge scor)18(es)]tj -14.5143 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.011 tw [(fr)17(om the ocean life questionnair)18(e wer)18(e compar)18(ed to the pr)17(e-instr)8(uction-)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(al knowledge scor)18(es by administering a pair)17(ed sample )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 314.2567 84.6219 tm 0 0 0 1 k (t)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 317.5747 84.6219 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 tc -0.012 tw (-test to determine)tj -24.4575 -1.3 td -0.007 tc -0.008 tw [(t)-2(h)-2(e)-2( )-2(l)-2(e)-2(v)-2(e)-2(l)-2( )-2(o)-2(f)-2( )-2(s)-2(ignificance. even though the mean scor)18(e for the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 only)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 77.6733 529.1497 tm 0 0 0 1 k (t)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 81.0009 529.1497 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(-value)-7697(df)-6257(2-tail sig)]tj -0.33276 -1.30001 td [(10.04)-8550(20)-6200(.000 (p>001))]tj et 0.667 w 0 0 0 1 k 75.007 509.284 319.716 83.722 re s 76.34 510.617 317.05 81.055 re s bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 96.7484 580.7742 tm [(v)92(ariable)]tj -1.75 -1.34639 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tm 0 0 0 1 k (60)tj -0.31731 -2.3 td (50)tj 0 -3.3 td (40)tj 0 -3 td (30)tj t* (20)tj 0 -2.6 td (10)tj 0.5 -2.7 td (0)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 91.225 399.832 m 304.417 399.832 l s 0 0 0 0 k 54.586 401.293 15.323 171.789 re f bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 58.0857 564.7526 tm 0 0 0 1 k (%)tj 0.14323 -2.43807 td (o)tj 0.10657 -1.21904 td (f)tj -0.03101 -2.43808 td (r)tj -0.04199 -1.21904 td (e)tj 0.02747 -1.21904 td (s)tj -0.0885 -1.21904 td (p)tj 0.02746 -1.21904 td (o)tj -0.01794 -1.21904 td (n)tj 0.07898 -1.21904 td (s)tj -0.02747 -1.21904 td (e)tj 0.02747 -1.21904 td (s)tj et 0 0 0 0.5 k 157.912 400.677 17.28 147.669 re f 0 0 0 1 k 175.44 400.58 18.184 141.914 re f 97.7778 578.6802 m 97.7778 394.4322 l s [0.3752 0.1251 ]0.38 d 0.125 w 92.847 568.744 m 304.074 568.744 l s []0 d 92.503 568.744 m 92.847 568.744 l s 304.074 568.744 m 304.417 568.744 l s 1 w 149.3956 400.2091 m 149.3956 395.6731 l s 201.8844 399.8914 m 201.8844 395.7214 l s bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 174.7815 385.6942 tm 4.482 tc -4.482 tw [(pc)4482( e)]tj -12.68057 -3.22555 td 0 tc 0 tw [(p)-232(= pr)18(eservationist; c = conservationist; e = exploitive)]tj et 0 0 0 0 k 48.296 332.234 293.851 13.563 re f bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 110.9108 337.4674 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(figur)17(e 1. pr)18(e-test and post-test stances)]tj 7.39521 3.47268 td (stances)tj et 229.885 400.578 17.28 128.052 re f 0 0 0 0.5 k 212.241 400.678 17.28 121.579 re f 0 0 0 1 k 279.666 400.673 17.279 15.032 re f 0 0 0 0.5 k 261.976 400.781 17.279 8.398 re f /gs2 gs 0 0 0 0 k 268.329 535.245 63.088 49.087 re f /gs1 gs bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 288.0892 570.0026 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(pr)17(e-test)]tj -0.00052 -2.2 td (post-test)tj et 0 0 0 0.5 k 271.401 566.461 10.688 11.79 re f 0 0 0 1 k 271.521 543.9401 10.563 12.433 re f 255.0023 399.6016 m 255.0023 395.4306 l s q endstream endobj 18 0 obj << /length 5281 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 379.3842 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.006 tc -0.007 tw 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[(6.)-1050(driftnet fishing should be stopped)]tj t* [(7.)-1050(v)55(ictoria should not dump raw )]tj 1.8 -1.2 td (sewage into the ocean)tj -1.8 -1.2 td (8.)tj 1.8 0 td (pulp mills should find other places to)tj 0 -1.19999 td (dump their chemicals)tj 18.6569 15.61958 td [(pr)17(e-test)]tj 0.75342 -2.41904 td (91%)tj 0 -1.2 td (83%)tj 0 -2.4 td (65%)tj 0 -1.2 td (73%)tj (39%)' 0 -2.4 td (65%)tj 0 -1.2 td (17%)tj 0 -2.4 td (39%)tj 4.98249 14.4185 td (post-test)tj 0.97339 -2.41904 td (91%)tj 0 -1.2 td (83%)tj 0 -2.4 td (70%)tj 0 -1.20001 td (78%)tj t* (48%)tj 0 -2.4 td (87%)tj 0 -1.2 td (57%)tj 0 -2.4 td (54%)tj et 1 w 75.928 573.978 m 392.605 573.978 l s bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 117.1722 402.7327 tm [(t)92(able 7. pr)17(e-test and post-test pr)18(eservationist stances)]tj et 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (the eff)tj 3.3782 0 td (ect of instruction on children\325)tj 14.15942 0.00001 td -0.0002 tc (s)tj 0.83367 0 td 0 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-1.21904 td (e)tj 0.02746 -1.21904 td (s)tj et /gs2 gs 0 0 0 0 k 265.681 483.385 77.523 33.622 re f /gs1 gs bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 287.1834 507.6783 tm 0 0 0 1 k (male)tj -0.01963 -1.6 td (female)tj et 0 0 0 0.5 k 271.771 491.252 9.216 9.022 re f 0 0 0 1 k 271.063 506.646 10.12 9.022 re f 0 0 0 0.5 k 102.989 318.748 17.755 76.448 re f 0 0 0 1 k 120.508 318.837 17.28 165.123 re f 140.7137 317.7099 m 140.7137 312.9619 l s 0 0 0 0.5 k 143.683 318.737 16.709 51.362 re f 0 0 0 1 k 160.753 318.828 17.279 121.438 re f 181.6393 317.7009 m 181.6393 313.3089 l s 0 0 0 0.5 k 184.582 318.934 17.28 184.789 re f 0 0 0 1 k 202.182 318.928 17.28 79.653 re f 222.6074 317.701 m 222.6074 313.1649 l s 0 0 0 0.5 k 269.144 318.756 17.28 51.581 re f 260.5513 317.7009 m 260.5513 313.5249 l s bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 117.1559 302.4458 tm 0 0 0 1 k (p)tj 3.33594 0 td (p/c c e p/c/e )tj -5.24676 -4.51001 td [(figur)17(e 2. post-instr)8(uctional stances by gender)74(.)]tj et 0 0 0 0 k 49.214 267.625 297.467 24.412 re f bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 67.9648 283.7082 tm 0 0 0 1 k (p)tj 0.83594 0 td -0.0002 tc (=)tj 0.85567 0 td 0 tc (pr)tj 0.981 0 td (eservationist; p/c - pr)tj 9.85815 0 td (eservationist/conservationist; )tj -13.16956 -1.21905 td -0.0001 tc (c)tj 0.9588 0 td (=)tj 0.8558 0 td 0 tc [(conservationist; e = exploitive; p/c/e = all thr)18(ee stances)]tj et 98.4195 506.5335 m 98.4195 312.8025 l s q endstream endobj 20 0 obj << /length 5469 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.007 tc 0.118 tw [(ther)17(e was a significant incr)18(ease in knowledge, and attitude as well as)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.122 tw [(some rather inter)18(esting dif)17(fer)18(ences in 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 opinions merits further)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.018 tc 0.005 tw [(investigation into the intervention that transpir)16(ed between the pr)17(e-tests and)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.004 tc -0.008 tw [(the post-tests. it is also possible that community events may have occur)18(e)1(d)]tj t* 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(during the pr)17(e- and post-test intervals. further work could clarify this)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(possiblity thr)17(ough use of a contr)18(ol gr)18(oup.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 493.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(gender differ)17(ences)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 473.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.021 tc 0.008 tw [(ther)18(e wer)17(e no significant mean dif)18(fer)18(ences in the male and female attitudes,)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc -0.012 tw (knowledge, or choice of stances in any of the comparisons made between)tj t* 0 tw [(the pr)17(e-test and post-test scor)18(es. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 172.3532 412.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (summary and conclusions)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 388.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (t)tj 0.60158 0 td -0.021 tc -0.001 tw (he statistical analyses of the questionnair)tj 17.1128 0 td (es pr)tj 2.02303 0 td (ovided information about the)tj -19.73741 -1.30001 td -0.011 tc -0.012 tw [(pr)17(e-instr)8(uctional and post-instr)8(uctional natur)17(e of the attitudes, knowledge,)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.01 tc 0.01 tw [(and stances of the grade 4 childr)18(en involved in this study)111(. ther)18(e was a sig-)]tj t* -0.027 tc 0.004 tw [(nificant incr)18(ease in knowledge as well as a significant incr)18(ease in positive atti-)]tj t* -0.024 tc 0.001 tw [(tudes. the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 also made some inter)19(esting shifts in their stances as illus-)]tj t* -0.01 tc 0.035 tw [(trated in the comparisons of pr)18(e-test and post-test r)18(esults. however)74(, a sig-)]tj t* -0.012 tc -0.011 tw (nificant r)tj 3.84884 0 td (elationship between the incr)tj 12.11757 0 td (ease in knowledge and the incr)tj 13.30964 0 td (ease in)tj -29.27605 -1.30001 td -0.026 tc 0.004 tw [(attitude was not evident. )36(a)-172(f)1(u)1(r)1(t)1(h)1(e)1(r)1( )1(r)19(elationship between the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 stan)-1(ces)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.01 tc 0 tw [(and their incr)18(ease in attitude could not be established in the study sample. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc -0.012 tw (in analyzing the data, several indicators supported the importance of)tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.025 tc 0.012 tw (explicit instr)tj 5.16317 0 td (uction as well as taking into account prior knowledge and ongo)tj 26.70391 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.86708 -1.30001 td -0.016 tc 0.003 tw [(ing knowledge during instr)7(uction. the very fact that ther)17(e)-1( )-1(w)-1(a)-1(s)-1( )-1(a)-1( )-1(s)-1(i)-1(g)-1(n)-1(i)-1(f)-1(i)-1(c)-1(a)-1(n)-1(t)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.008 tw [(incr)18(ease in attitude appear)17(ed to indicate a connection to the instr)8(uctional)]tj t* 0.006 tc 0.119 tw [(strategies used to pr)17(ovide the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 with th)1(e firsthand experiences)]tj t* 0 tc 0.014 tw (necessary to develop an understanding of basic marine ecology concepts)tj t* -0.011 tc -0.002 tw (and the impact of marine r)tj 11.47052 0 td 0 tw (esour)tj 2.3747 0 td -0.002 tw (ce conflicts. closer scr)tj 9.43742 0 td (utiny of the r)tj 5.59402 0 td 0 tw (espons-)tj -28.87666 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.068 tw (es to the pr)tj 5.09147 0 td 0 tw (e-instr)tj 2.82081 0 td 0.068 tw (uctional and post-instr)tj 10.14814 0 td (uctional attitude questionnair)tj 13.23701 0 td 0 tw (es)tj -31.29743 -1.30001 td (r)tj 0.37695 0 td -0.006 tw [(evealed that the items showing the most incr)18(ease in positive scor)18(es wer)18(e)]tj -0.37695 -1.3 td -0.005 tc -0.007 tw (ones that could be linked to first hand concepts cover)tj 23.169 0 td (ed during the course)tj -23.169 -1.30001 td -0.006 tc [(of instr)8(uction. for example, many childr)18(en had not r)17(ealized that barnacles)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.002 tc -0.011 tw (and aggr)tj 3.90522 0.00001 td (egate anemones wer)tj 8.94644 0.00001 td -0.0021 tc (e)tj 0.71422 0 td -0.002 tc (actual living animals until their field expe)tj 18.30129 0.00001 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.8672 -1.3 td 0.083 tw [(riences. much discussion focused upon seashor)20(e communities and how)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(car)18(eless humans can either purposely or unknowingly destr)18(oy these frag)-1(-)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.011 tw [(i)-5(l)-5(e)-5( )-5(h)-5(a)-5(b)-5(i)-5(t)-5(a)-5(t)-5(s)-5(.)-5( )-5(s)-5(e)-5(a)-5(s)-5(h)-5(o)-5(r)12(e)-5( )-5(e)-5(t)-5(i)-5(q)-5(u)-5(e)-5(t)-5(t)-5(e)-5( )-5(b)-6(ecame a very important featur)18(e of the stu-)]tj t* -0.029 tc 0.011 tw [(dent\325s trips to saxe pt. park. the car)18(e and pr)18(eservation of living cr)18(ea)-1(t)-10(u)-10(r)8(e)-10(s)-10( )-10(a)-10(n)-10(d)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (the eff)tj 3.3782 0 td (ect of instruction on children\325)tj 14.15942 0.00001 td -0.0002 tc (s)tj 0.83367 0 td 0 tc (kno)tj 1.92879 0.00001 td (wledg)tj 2.84301 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.8337 0 td 0 tc (of marine ecology)tj 12.47315 0.00001 td (321)tj et q endstream endobj 21 0 obj << /length 5464 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 tc [(marine habitats as \322homes\323 for many plants and animals was empha)1(s)5(i)5(z)5(e)5(d)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.011 tc -0.002 tw [(thr)17(oughout instr)8(uction, and r)17(einfor)18(ced thr)18(ough modeling at the site. when)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc -0.005 tw [(individual post-test attitude items to pr)17(e-test items wer)18(e compar)18(ed, ther)18(e)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(was over a 20% incr)18(ease of the number of childr)18(en who str)18(ongly agr)17(eed that)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.008 tw [(all living things have a right to exist. )36(additionally)111(, on the post-test, 87% of)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.023 tc 0.011 tw [(the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 agr)17(eed that people should not be allowed to take as many shell-)]tj t* -0.014 tc 0.002 tw [(fish such as clams and crabs as they want. this was a 57% incr)20(ease over the)]tj t* 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(pr)17(e-test. the incr)18(ease in positive attitude scor)18(es may indicate that atti)-1(-)]tj t* 0.003 tc 0.122 tw [(tude is an indicator of surface thinking and mor)18(e easily changed than)]tj t* 0 tc -0.012 tw [(stances, which may be mor)18(e deep-set conceptual str)8(uctur)17(es. the observa)1(-)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(tions of the associations between specific strategies of instr)8(uction, and the)]tj t* -0.022 tc 0.009 tw [(development of positive envir)18(onmental attitudes in this study)111(, coincide with)]tj t* 0 tc -0.012 tw [(and supplement similar findings of other studies that featur)18(e dir)17(ect expe-)]tj t* 0.008 tc 0.117 tw (rience as a critical element of instr)tj 15.98537 0 td [(uction \(armstr)18(ong & impara, 1991;)]tj -15.98537 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(r)37(yan, 1991; shepar)17(d & speelman, 1986\).)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.02 tc 0.117 tw [(another undeniable occurr)18(ence in this study was the significant)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.122 tw [(incr)18(ease in the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 knowledge. )36(again, ther)18(e appears to be a r)17(ela-)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(tionship between not only the concepts taught in the course of instr)6(uction,)]tj t* 0 tc 0.029 tw [(but the methods used in pr)18(esenting these concepts. for example, several)]tj t* 0.107 tw [(individual items on the ocean life post-test r)18(epr)17(esented a notable per-)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.009 tw (centage incr)tj 5.25892 0 td -0.003 tc (ease of corr)tj 4.96291 0 td -0.004 tc (ect r)tj 1.84956 0 td -0.003 tc [(esponses over the same pr)18(e)1(-)1(t)1(e)1(s)1(t)1( )1(i)1(t)1(e)1(m)1(.)1( )1(t)1(h)1(r)19(e)1(e)1( )1(o)1(f)]tj -12.07139 -1.30001 td -0.019 tc 0.007 tw [(the items on the questionnair)17(e r)18(e)1(f)1(e)1(r)1(r)18(ed to the meaning of tides and curr)18(ents.)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(the post-test corr)18(ect r)17(esponses for the meaning of tides incr)19(eased 21%, the)]tj t* 0.004 tc 0.121 tw [(corr)18(ect r)17(esponse for the causes of tides incr)19(eased 17%, and the corr)18(ect)]tj t* 0.007 tc 0.118 tw [(r)18(esponse for the meaning of ocean curr)19(e)1(n)1(t)1(s)1( )1(i)1(n)1(c)1(r)18(eased 24%. )37(a)-319(possible)]tj t* -0.012 tc -0.001 tw [(explanation for this incr)17(ease in corr)19(ect r)17(esponses could have been the set of)]tj t* -0.016 tc 0 tw (classr)tj 2.36584 0 td 0.003 tw (oom stations with hands-on activities to help 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 understand the)tj -2.36584 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (interr)tj 2.44897 0 td 0.007 tw (elated concepts of tides, curr)tj 12.63538 0 td (ents and waves, and the field activities)tj -15.08435 -1.30001 td -0.009 tc -0.004 tw [(wher)18(ein the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 measur)17(ed tidal changes over time. thr)19(ee of the items)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.037 tw [(on the questionnair)17(e r)18(eferr)17(ed to the flow of ener)18(gy thr)17(ough a food chain)]tj t* -0.023 tc 0 tw (fr)tj 0.6638 0 td 0.01 tw (om pr)tj 2.55217 0 td (edator to pr)tj 4.95124 0 td [(ey)110(. the post-test corr)18(ect r)18(esponse for the meaning of food)]tj -8.16721 -1.30001 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(chains incr)18(e)-1(a)-1(s)-1(e)-1(d)-1( )-1(b)-1(y)-1( )-1(4)-1(0)-1(%)-1( )-1(o)-1(v)-1(e)-1(r)-1( )-1(t)-1(h)-1(e)-1( )-1(p)-1(r)17(e-test, the corr)17(ect r)18(esponse for the sun)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc -0.012 tw [(as the sour)18(c)1(e)1( )1(o)1(f)1( )1(e)1(n)1(e)1(r)19(g)1(y)1( )1(i)1(n)1(c)1(r)18(eased by 40%, and the corr)18(e)1(c)1(t)1( )1(r)19(esponse for the)]tj t* -0.022 tc 0.009 tw [(meaning of plankton \(micr)18(oscopic plants and animals at the base of the food)]tj t* 0 tc 0.036 tw [(chain\) incr)18(eased by 39%. )37(a)-231(possible explanation for this new knowledge)]tj t* 0.01 tw (could lie in the emphasis placed on observing and drawing living plank-)tj t* -0.023 tc [(ton, the observation of many seashor)18(e animals feeding, and by studying and)]tj 0 tc (r)' 0.377 0 td 0 tw (ole playing food chains and food webs.)tj 1.4231 -1.3 td (a)tj 1.0983 0 td 0.125 tw (further indicator of the possible ef)tj 15.64881 0.00001 td (fects of the learning strategies)tj -18.5471 -1.3 td -0.025 tc 0.012 tw [(was the change in the configuration of the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 stances between the pr)17(e-)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.936 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6927 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (322)tj 22.03439 0.00001 td 0 tc (shirle)tj 2.76343 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (y)tj 0.83374 0 td 0 tc (cummins & gloria snivel)tj 11.93018 0.00001 td (y)tj et q endstream endobj 22 0 obj << /length 5473 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 tc 0.185 tw [(instr)8(uctional and post-instr)7(uctional ocean opinions questionnair)18(es.)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.021 tc 0.008 tw [(indications wer)18(e that per)17(haps something had occurr)19(ed during the tr)17(eatment)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.005 tc -0.007 tw [(phase that caused some of the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 to r)18(ethink their opinions about the)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.09 tw [(ocean and seashor)18(e. recall that marine r)18(esour)18(ce issues wer)18(e part of the)]tj t* 0.006 tc 0.119 tw [(ocean and seashor)18(e unit of instr)8(uction. the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 briefly discussed)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.038 tw [(specific issues such as whales in captivity)112(, ocean, and seashor)18(e pollution)]tj t* 0.021 tw (\(sewage disposal and oil spills\) and one issue \(pacific northwest salmon)tj t* 0 tw [(stock depletion\) was investigated in gr)18(eater detail. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.062 tw [(a)-257(closer examination of individual student r)18(esponses and how they)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.019 tc 0.106 tw [(changed in stance r)18(evealed some inter)18(esting tr)17(ends. only 5 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 )]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(r)18(emained str)18(ongly pr)17(eservationist out of the 9 whose r)18(esponses had indi)1(-)]tj t* 0.053 tw [(cated that stance in the pr)17(e-test. the movement of scor)19(es was towar)18(ds a)]tj t* 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(mor)18(e conservationist stance, thus less polarized. t)91(wo 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 demon-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.066 tw (strated an almost even number of r)tj 15.86184 0 td [(esponses of all thr)18(ee stances \(pr)18(eser-)]tj -15.86184 -1.3 td -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(vationist, conservationist, and exploitive\). these patterns could be a r)18(esult)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(of the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 viewing the r)17(esolution of marine r)18(esour)18(c)-1(e)-1( )-1(i)-1(s)-1(s)-1(u)-1(e)-1(s)-1( )-1(a)-1(s)-1( )-1(a)-1( )-1(c)-1(o)-1(m-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.011 tw [(plicated pr)18(ocess involving tolerance of many opinions and critical evalu-)]tj t* -0.014 tc 0.001 tw [(ation of consequences. per)18(haps the many perspectives pr)18(esented in the r)17(ole)]tj t* -0.021 tc 0.008 tw (play activity concerning the decline in the pacific salmon stocks assisted stu-)tj t* 0 tc -0.01 tw [(dents to examine their thinking on other r)17(esour)18(ce issues. )37(although a con-)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.011 tw (servationist stance would not be the most desirable stance to choose in all)tj t* 0 tc 0.055 tw [(r)18(esour)18(ce conflicts, it is certainly the option that in most instances would)]tj t* 0.007 tc 0.118 tw [(r)18(eflect an envir)18(onmentally literate and concerned citizen. ther)18(efor)17(e, it)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.003 tw [(would seem that the movement towar)18(ds a mor)19(e conservationist stance did)]tj t* -0.022 tc 0.009 tw [(r)18(esult in achieving the intended instr)7(uctional outcome of pr)18(oviding 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 )]tj t* -0.025 tc 0.012 tw [(with experiences that would enable them to make r)17(easoned judgements con)1(-)]tj t* -0.011 tc -0.002 tw (cerning our seashor)tj 8.49634 0 td (es and oceans, a goal r)tj 9.58493 0 td (eflective of ef)tj 5.6944 0 td (fective training and)tj -23.77567 -1.30001 td 0.02 tc 0.201 tw (practice in dealing with contr)tj 14.37169 0 td (oversial r)tj 4.51785 0 td 0 tw (esour)tj 2.52821 0 td 0.201 tw (ce issues \(br)tj 6.04929 0 td 0 tw (ody)tj 1.6618 0 td (,)tj 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