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envir)19(onmental concerns to be addr)18(essed.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(despite this context, integrated envir)17(onmental studies pr)18(ograms con)1(-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw (tinue to exist in ontario secondary schools and, in some cases, to flourish.)tj t* -0.014 tc 0.002 tw [(as )1(the )1(popularity )1(of )1(these )1(pr)17(o)-1(g)-1(r)-1(a)-1(m)-1(s)-1( g)-1(r)17(o)-1(w)91(,)-1( s)-1(o)-1( t)-1(o)-1(o)-1( d)-1(o)-1( c)-1(a)-1(l)-1(l)-1(s)-1( f)-1(o)-1(r)-1( m)-1(o)-1(r)18(e )1(r)18(esear)18(ch)]tj t* 0.001 tc 0.124 tw (to bolster anecdotal evidence of their success. the council of outdoor)tj t* -0.024 tc 0.012 tw [(educators of ontario, in particular)74(, has done much work in publicizing these)]tj t* 0 tc 0.006 tw [(pr)17(ograms \(eg., henderson, mehta, & )38(arnott, 1996\), encouraging not only)]tj t* 0.004 tc 0.12 tw [(academic but practitioner r)18(esear)17(ch \(henderson, mehta, & elrick, 1996;)]tj t* 0 tc 0.015 tw (horwood, 1995; mehta & henderson, 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0.00001 td (oviding)tj -28.6991 -1.3 td -0.035 tc 0.012 tw [(r)18(esour)18(ces, occasionally acting as a chaper)18(one on outings, and facilitating work-)]tj t* -0.023 tc 0 tw (shops (see bell, russell, & plotkin, 1998). in 1997, we decided that to enhance)tj t* -0.01 tc [(the pr)17(ogram, we ought to solicit student evaluations.)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (290)tj 20.80635 0.00001 td 0 tc (constance l.)tj 6.51539 0.00001 td (russell &)tj 4.83374 0.00001 td (john bur)tj 4.40771 0.00001 td (ton)tj et q endstream endobj 8 0 obj << /length 5146 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 91 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.005 tw [(o)15(ur primary sour)18(ce of data for this particular paper comes fr)18(om pr)18(e-)]tj -1.8 -1.30001 td -0.018 tc [(and post-course 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[(that john would not see the r)17(esults of the questionnair)18(es until after final)]tj t* -0.013 tc 0.001 tw [(marks for the year wer)18(e submitted. )36(all 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 participated \(22 in 1997, 25)]tj t* 0 tc 0.017 tw (in 1998, and 26 in 1999\).)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 179.05 433.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 184.719 429.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.017 tw [(connie thematically coded the questionnair)18(e as)]tj -11.1719 -1.3 td -0.009 tc -0.003 tw (well as r)tj 3.60491 0 td [(esponses to each question. each student\325s r)19(esponse to the pr)17(e- and)]tj -3.60491 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.046 tw [(post-course questionnair)18(es wer)18(e compar)18(ed as wer)18(e the overall r)17(esults of)]tj t* 0 tw [(each year)74(. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.014 tc 0.111 tw [(the questionnair)18(e data was complemented by knowledge gained)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(thr)17(ough our participation in the pr)17(ogram as teacher and as 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0.007 tc 0.117 tw [(bus\323 immediately after classes ar)18(e dismissed, an after)18(-school envir)18(on-)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (mental pr)tj 4.2878 0 td (ogram is not possible \(burton, in pr)tj 15.65039 0.00001 td (ess\).)tj -18.1382 -1.3 td -0.006 tc -0.004 tw [(世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 in the esp)-222(earn four grade 12 cr)18(edits \(one envir)18(onmental sci-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.005 tw [(ence, one outdoor physical education, two co-)1(o)2(p)2(e)2(r)2(a)2(t)2(i)2(v)2(e)2( )2(e)2(d)2(u)2(c)2(a)2(t)2(i)2(o)2(n)2(\))2( )2(d)2(u)2(r)2(i)2(n)2(g)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (a)tj 0.9997 0 td 0 tc (repor)tj 2.9082 0 td -0.0001 tc (t)tj 0.6107 0 td 0 tc (on an ontario secondar)tj 11.34267 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (y)tj 0.83376 0 td 0 tc (sc)tj 1.21311 0.00001 td (hool )tj 18.54172 0.00001 td (291)tj et q endstream endobj 9 0 obj << /length 5522 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.032 tw [(the febr)7(uary)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f8 1 tf 10 0 0 10 93.9688 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (-)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 99.457 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.032 tw [(june semester)74(. because of a \322grandfather\323 clause, envir)18(on-)]tj -6.2457 -1.30001 td -0.024 tc 0.012 tw [(mental science can be taught until 2001; john likely will r)17(eplace it with a new)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(grade 1)55(1 geography course that focuses on r)18(esour)17(ce management. )]tj 1.8 -1.30001 td -0.016 tc 0.004 tw [(based in a portable building behind the school, 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 spend appr)18(ox-)]tj -1.8 -1.30001 td 0.008 tc 0.117 tw [(imately 75% of the semester outside, on school pr)18(operty \(102 acr)18(es of)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.009 tc -0.004 tw [(naturally r)17(egenerating farmland, matur)18(e for)17(est, and wetlands\), in the adja)1(-)]tj t* -0.013 tc 0.001 tw [(cent natural and human communities, and occasionally in r)19(emote locations)]tj t* -0.018 tc 0.006 tw [(in northern ontario. concepts in envir)17(onmental science, outdoor r)18(e)1(c)1(r)19(eation,)]tj t* 0 tc 0.025 tw [(and envir)18(onmental education ar)18(e learned during such activities as water)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(testing, winter and summer camping, r)18(ock-climbing, cr)18(oss-country skiing,)]tj t* 0 tc 0.095 tw [(snowshoeing, hiking, and a 16-day wilderness canoe trip in t)92(emagami.)]tj t* 0.003 tc 0.122 tw (assignments include journal keeping, developing activities and lesson)tj t* 0.018 tc 0.107 tw [(plans for co-op teaching, r)18(esear)17(ching car)18(eers, final exams, as well as)]tj 0 tc (r)' 0.37695 0 td 0.026 tw [(esear)18(ching and pr)17(esenting r)18(eports to the class on envir)18(onmental science)]tj -0.37695 -1.3 td -0.012 tc -0.001 tw [(topics and various envir)18(onmental issues. 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 also participate in 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continually discussing)]tj t* -0.003 tc 0.012 tw (with john and with each other how these could be used with the elemen)tj 31.86725 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.86725 -1.3 td 0.001 tc 0.121 tw [(tary 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 . each student is also r)18(equir)17(ed to select a minimum of 25)]tj t* -0.019 tc 0.004 tw [(envir)18(onmental or co-operative activities and learn to facilitate each one with)]tj t* -0.027 tc 0.011 tw [(their classmates, getting feedback fr)17(om john and their peers as they go along.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.125 tw [(given the very low esp)-358(student/elementary student ratio \(usually)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.019 tc 0.006 tw [(about 3 to 1\), the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 teach in teams. the esp)-220(世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 take turns being)]tj t* 0 tc 0.023 tw [(gr)17(oup leader)74(, usually thr)17(ee to four times over the semester; their r)18(espon-)]tj t* -0.012 tc -0.001 tw (sibilities for the day include developing detailed lesson plans and acting as)tj t* -0.022 tc 0.01 tw (primary facilitator)tj 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/f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 91 418.8038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (i)tj 0.59442 0 td 0 tc 0.008 tw [(learned a lot about who i was and wher)18(e i want to be in fifteen years. i)]tj -0.59442 -1.16667 td 0.039 tw [(learned how to deal with things without losing it. )36(also, i learned better)]tj t* 0 tw (leadership and communication skills.)tj 0 -2.33333 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(i\325m not as shy anymor)18(e, doing the pr)18(esentations helped me a lot, not)]tj 0 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw [(just in class but every day)111(.)]tj 0 -2.33333 td -0.0049 tc (i)tj 0.56949 0 td -0.005 tc -0.008 tw (learned so much about myself, how to better interact with people, to try)tj -0.56949 -1.16667 td -0.022 tc 0.01 tw (new things, and to keep doing things you like, how to look at life in a much)tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (simpler way)tj 5.3916 0 td -0.0002 tc (,)tj 0.49969 0 td 0 tc (not to let insignificant things bug me.)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 300.8038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 tw (most of these 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 went on to say that they had not experienced such)tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tw [(personal gr)18(owth in a traditional classr)17(oom. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 260.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (a)tj 0.93506 0 td (caveat)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 240.2038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.03 tc -0.003 tw (when asked if they would r)tj 11.5026 0 td (ecommend the course to others, all of the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 )tj -11.5026 -1.30001 td -0.02 tc 0.028 tw (in each year of this study said that they would do so; many concluded their)tj 0 -1.3 td -0.036 tc 0.003 tw [(post-course survey with phrases like \322esp)-199(r)-1(o)-1(c)-1(k)-1(s)-1(!)-1-1( )-1(o)-1(r)-1( )-1-1(e)-1(s)-1(p)-200(rules!\323 repeatedly)111(,)]tj t* -0.017 tc -0.006 tw [(t)10(h)10(e)10(y)10( )10(m)10(entioned the importance of experiential learning, the development of)]tj t* -0.029 tc 0.006 tw (interpersonal skills, and the opportunity for personal gr)tj 23.05301 0 td (owth. w)tj 3.50201 0 td -0.0287 tc (e)tj 0.67775 0 td -0.029 tc (do not wish)tj -27.23277 -1.30001 td -0.01 tc -0.012 tw (to imply)tj 3.53861 0 td -0.0103 tc (,)tj 0.46712 0 td -0.01 tc [(however)74(, that the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 had no concerns. 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 did become)]tj -4.00573 -1.3 td -0.023 tc 0 tw (fr)tj 0.67506 0 td -0.022 tc (ustrated, at times, with one another and with john. others complained that)tj -0.67506 -1.3 td -0.013 tc 0.117 tw [(t)-10(h)-10(e)-10( )-10(esp)-338(was not completely experiential and outdoors, and disliked t)1(hat)]tj t* -0.039 tc 0.011 tw [(s)5(o)5(m)5(e)5( )5(c)5(l)5(a)5(s)5(s)5(r)24(o)4(o)4(m work and assignments r)18(emained. having had a taste of a mor)18(e)]tj t* -0.017 tc 0.122 tw [(s)-5(t)-5(u)-5(d)-5(e)-5(n)-5(t)-5(-)-5(c)-5(e)-5(n)-5(t)-5(r)12(e)-5(d)-5( )-5(a)-5(p)-5(p)-5(r)13(o)-5(ach, many 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 also desir)19(ed mor)18(e participation)]tj t* -0.04 tc 0.007 tw (and contr)tj 3.8654 0 td (ol over the course. )tj 7.54225 0.00001 td (and others expr)tj 6.61023 0.00001 td (essed concern and indignation that)tj -18.0179 -1.3 td -0.02 tc 0 tw [(the course had a r)18(eputation as a \322bir)17(d course\323 in some quarters.)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (a)tj 0.9997 0 td 0 tc (repor)tj 2.9082 0 td -0.0001 tc (t)tj 0.6107 0 td 0 tc (on an ontario secondar)tj 11.34267 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (y)tj 0.83376 0 td 0 tc (sc)tj 1.21311 0.00001 td (hool )tj 18.54172 0.00001 td (297)tj et q endstream endobj 15 0 obj << /length 5336 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 120.5735 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (promises, limitations, and constraints)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 561.871 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.023 tc 0.01 tw [(building on the insights of the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 in the esp)129(, ther)17(e ar)18(e four interr)17(elated)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.017 tc 0.004 tw [(characteristics of this pr)18(ogram, and integrated pr)17(ograms in general, that the)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.025 tc 0.012 tw [(two of us find particularly appealing: experiential learning, authenticity)109(,)-1( )-1(c)-1(o)-1(n)-1(-)]tj t* 0.02 tc 0.167 tw (nections to human and natural communities, and holism. first, the)tj t* 0.009 tc 0.116 tw (emphasis on experiential learning in a variety of settings has a better)tj t* -0.012 tc -0.001 tw (chance, we believe, to meet the diverse range of learning styles of 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 .)tj t* -0.007 tc -0.005 tw [(as so many of these 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 indicated, sitting in a classr)19(oom taking notes)]tj t* 0 tc 0.082 tw [(of)18(f a blackboar)17(d about seemingly abstract concepts was either too chal-)]tj t* 0.02 tc 0.424 tw [(lenging or too boring for them. repeatedly)110(, in the post-course)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (questionnair)tj 5.55908 0 td 0.051 tw [(es, 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 expr)18(essed their surprise at how much they had)]tj -5.55908 -1.3 td -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(learned as well as how much of that learning they had r)18(etained. horwood)]tj t* 0.006 tc 0.119 tw ((1994, 1995) and lieberman and hoody (1998) also found experiential)tj t* -0.001 tc -0.011 tw (learning to be a vital component of the integrated pr)tj 22.9069 0 td (ograms they studied.)tj -21.1069 -1.3 td -0.009 tc -0.003 tw [(second, 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 wer)18(e engaged in \322r)18(eal-life\323 envir)17(onmental and social)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.098 tw [(pr)17(ojects lending a feeling of authenticity and purpose to their learning.)]tj t* 0.072 tw [(similarly)111(, both horwood (1994, 1995) and lieberman and hoody (1998))]tj t* -0.011 tw (found that being involved in specific local issues gave 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 a sense of)tj t* 0.022 tw (ownership and pride in their ef)tj 13.90175 0 td (forts, allowed them to feel that they wer)tj 17.81953 0 td (e)tj -31.72128 -1.3 td -0.021 tc 0.009 tw (making a dif)tj 5.34862 0 td 0 tw (fer)tj 1.12545 0 td 0.009 tw (ence, and helped them make connections between what they)tj -6.47407 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0 tw [(learned in school and the world ar)18(ound them.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.038 tw [(this participation in authentic pr)17(ojects r)18(elates to the thir)17(d important)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.014 tc 0.111 tw (characteristic: the attention to r)tj 14.61075 0 td (elationships both among humans and)tj -14.61075 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.125 tw [(between humans and other life. thr)18(ough intense interactions with one)]tj t* 0.06 tw [(gr)17(oup of peers, teaching elementary 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 , and participating in com-)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.005 tw (munity pr)tj 4.39802 0 td (ojects, 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 felt that they enhanced their interpersonal skills.)tj -4.39802 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.032 tw [(further)73(, much of their learning was about, in, and with the natural com-)]tj t* -0.015 tc 0.002 tw (munities of which these 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 ar)tj 15.18197 0 td -0.0146 tc (e)tj 0.70179 0 td -0.015 tc (part, and many of their action pr)tj 13.93622 0 td 0 tw (ojects)tj -29.81998 -1.3 td 0 tc (wer)tj 1.6897 0 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.72874 0 td (in)tj 1.12261 0 td 0 tc (service to these communities. )tj -1.74105 -1.30001 td -0.021 tc 0.008 tw [(fourth, this pr)17(ogram takes a holistic appr)18(oach. cognitive learning is not)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(the sole focus. kinesthetic, af)18(fective, and sensory learning certainly occurs)]tj t* 0 tc 0.01 tw (\(see also lieberman & hoody)tj 13.04177 0 td -0.0001 tc (,)tj 0.5094 0 td 0 tc [(1998\) and we ventur)18(e that moral and spir-)]tj -13.55117 -1.3 td -0.014 tc 0.001 tw [(itual exploration and gr)17(owth also can take place. )37(a)-183(holistic appr)18(oach is also)]tj t* -0.018 tc 0.006 tw (evident in the inter)tj 8.05116 0 td (disciplinary natur)tj 7.59351 0.00001 td -0.0182 tc (e)tj 0.69817 0 td -0.018 tc [(of this pr)18(ogram, which is particularly)]tj -16.34284 -1.30001 td -0.01 tc -0.002 tw [(important given that envir)17(onmental concepts and issues ar)19(e often complex)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(and messy)111(. )37(as rogers (1999) writes: )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 55 99.371 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.003 tc (inter)tj 2.1176 0 td 0.122 tw [(disciplinarity can r)18(espond to this \322messiness\323 by beginning with)]tj -2.1176 -1.1667 td -0.007 tc -0.005 tw (the r)tj 1.9723 0 td (ecognition that ther)tj 8.48461 0.00001 td -0.0073 tc (e)tj 0.70905 0 td -0.007 tc (is no single appr)tj 7.1551 0.00001 td (oach that will addr)tj 8.2081 0.00001 td (ess the com)tj 4.99605 0.00001 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.5252 -1.1667 td 0 tw (plexity of envir)tj 6.7307 0 td (onmental issues. indeed, inter)tj 13.23364 0.00001 td (disciplinarity assumes that )tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (298)tj 20.80635 0.00001 td 0 tc (constance l.)tj 6.51539 0.00001 td (russell &)tj 4.83374 0.00001 td (john bur)tj 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(p. 5))]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 91 543.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.009 tc 0.005 tw [(when taken together)73(, these four themes contain elements identified as)]tj -1.8 -1.2 td -0.018 tc -0.004 tw [(important by some members of the canadian academic envir)19(onmental edu-)]tj t* -0.009 tc 0.006 tw [(cation community \(russell, bell, & fawcett, in pr)18(ess\). for example, similar)]tj 0 -1.20001 td 0.042 tw [(themes have emer)18(ged in calls for envir)18(onmental education practices to be)]tj t* -0.034 tc 0.012 tw [(influenced by holistic appr)18(oaches \(o\325sullivan, 1999; pivnick, 1997; selby)111(, 1999\),)]tj 0 -1.2 td -0.015 tc -0.007 tw (natural history \(bell, 1997; quinn, 1995\), critical pedagogy \(fawcett, marino)tj -0.0071 tc (&)' 1.13679 0 td -0.007 tc 0.123 tw [(raglon, 1991; lousley)111(, 1999; marino, 1997; o\325sullivan, 1999\), ecofemi)1(-)]tj -1.13679 -1.2 td -0.024 tc 0.003 tw [(nism \(fawcett, marino, & raglon, 1991; russell & bell, 1996; selby)111(, 1999\), and)]tj t* -0.009 tc 0 tw [(envir)18(onmental justice \(barr)18(on, 1998; martil-de castr)18(o, 1999\).)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 422.5038 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(mor)18(e caveats)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 402.3038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(w)92(e do not want to paint an entir)17(ely r)17(osy pictur)18(e, however)74(. these pr)18(o)-1(-)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.033 tw (grams ar)tj 3.91711 0 td -0.0002 tc (e)tj 0.76152 0 td 0 tc [(not perfect nor ar)17(e they without constraints. one limitation of)]tj -4.67863 -1.30001 td -0.021 tc 0.009 tw [(many of the ontario pr)17(ograms, including this case study)112(, is that they ar)17(e still)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.012 tc -0.001 tw (heavily based in sciences or geography and less focused on the arts. part of)tj t* 0 tc 0.074 tw [(that pr)17(oblem, in ontario at least, is that most of these pr)17(ograms ar)18(e not)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.011 tw [(team-taught so ar)17(e limited by the individual teacher)-74(\325s expertise and com)1(-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.036 tw (fort level with various subjects. while we tend to agr)tj 23.62696 0 td (ee with horwood\325s)tj -23.62696 -1.3 td 0.023 tw ((1995) suggestion that the actual cluster of subject ar)tj 23.19757 0 td (eas is less important)tj -23.19757 -1.3 td 0.011 tw (than pr)tj 3.22868 0 td (oviding opportunities for experiential learning, we still think that)tj -3.22868 -1.30001 td -0.0002 tc (a)tj 0.74967 0 td 0 tc 0 tw [(tr)7(uly inter)18(disciplinary pr)17(ogram is pr)18(eferable.)]tj 1.05033 -1.3 td -0.018 tc 0.006 tw [(a)1(n)1(o)1(t)1(h)1(e)1(r)1( )1(d)1(i)1(f)19(ficulty associated with being a single-teacher pr)17(ogram is the)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (imme)tj 2.53555 0 td -0.003 tc 0.125 tw (nse amount of work that falls on the shoulders of one individual)tj -2.53555 -1.3 td 0.051 tw [(\(ashton, 1998; horwood, 1995; pike & selby)111(, 1999, p. 21\). ther)18(e is a sub-)]tj t* -0.008 tc -0.007 tw [(stantial amount of pr)17(eparation r)18(equir)17(ed in getting the pr)17(ogram initially of)17(f)]tj t* 0.017 tc 0.125 tw (the gr)tj 2.79951 0 td (ound, continually adapting it to comply with new ministry of)tj -2.79951 -1.3 td -0.016 tc 0.001 tw [(education curriculum guidelines, changing boar)18(d priorities, internal school)]tj t* -0.003 tc 0.033 tw (politics, and teacher contract issues concerning teaching and supervision)tj t* -0.016 tc 0.001 tw (time. mor)tj 4.20766 0 td 0 tw (eover)tj 2.31149 0 td -0.0157 tc (,)tj 0.46922 0 td -0.016 tc 0.001 tw (the amount of time r)tj 8.7513 0 td [(equir)17(ed to or)18(ganize it on a yearly basis)]tj -15.73967 -1.30001 td -0.018 tc 0 tw [(i)-3(s)-3( )-3(s)-3(u)-3(b)-3(s)-3(t)-3(a)-3(n)-3(t)-3(i)-3(a)-3(l)-3(.)-3( )-3(i)-3(n)-3(d)-3(e)-3(e)-3(d)-3(,)-3( )-3(j)-3(o)-3(h)-3(n)-3( )-3(s)-3(a)-3(i)-3(d)-3( )-3(t)-3(hat while he would enjoy teaching the esp)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc (in both terms, he simply could not do so alone. )tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.003 tc 0.121 tw [(fundraising r)18(epr)17(esents a significant amount of that work since, as)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.001 tc -0.012 tw (ashton (1998) notes, funding is a perpetual pr)tj 20.17618 0.00001 td (oblem. while 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 con)tj 11.69112 0.00001 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.8673 -1.3 td -0.008 tc -0.004 tw [(tribute financially to the pr)17(ogram, they do not bear the full cost. )17(y)92(et asking)]tj t* 0 tc 0.022 tw [(the boar)18(d for mor)18(e funding may not be wise. given the cutbacks to edu)-1(-)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.011 tw (cation in ontario, financial independence may be essential to the survival)tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(of these pr)18(ograms. )37(as barr)18(on (1996) notes about this pr)17(ogram: )]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (a)tj 0.9997 0 td 0 tc (repor)tj 2.9082 0 td -0.0001 tc (t)tj 0.6107 0 td 0 tc (on an ontario secondar)tj 11.34267 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (y)tj 0.83376 0 td 0 tc (sc)tj 1.21311 0.00001 td (hool )tj 18.54172 0.00001 td (299)tj et q endstream endobj 17 0 obj << /length 5797 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 55 586.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.57452 0 td (.)tj 0.57452 0 td (.)tj 0.57452 0 td 0 tc 0.075 tw [(public knowledge that the pr)17(ogramme does not cost the boar)18(d one)]tj -1.72356 -1.16667 td -0.011 tw [(penny has helped esp)-221(to gain acceptance and support within the school,)]tj t* 0.019 tw [(among staf)18(f, and with par)17(ents. it may be that independence is critical in)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(helping integrated pr)17(ogrammes avoid vulnerability to both criticism and)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (budget clawbacks. (p. 33) )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 521.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.004 tc 0.121 tw [(w)92(e agr)17(ee with barr)18(on\325s assessment while at the same time wishing to)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(highlight that financial independence r)17(equir)17(es substantial ef)18(fort on the)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(teacher)-74(\325s part. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.005 tc -0.01 tw [(t)-3(he numer)18(ous field trips, many of which ar)18(e overnight \(appr)17(oximate-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.003 tc 0.001 tw [(ly 21 nights over the semester)74(, including a 16 day canoe trip\), also r)18(equir)17(e)]tj -0.022 tc (a)' 0.71292 0 td 0.007 tw [(commitment beyond what many teachers can of)18(fer)74(, particularly those with)]tj -0.71292 -1.3 td -0.011 tc -0.004 tw [(family r)18(esponsibilities. given the intense natur)17(e of these pr)17(ograms, it is not)]tj t* 0.014 tc 0.109 tw (surprising, then, that horwood (1995) asserted that opportunities for)tj t* -0.003 tc 0 tw (teacher r)tj 3.80836 0 td [(enewal and support wer)18(e vital for pr)17(ogram sustainability)111(.)]tj -2.00836 -1.3 td -0.013 tc -0.01 tw (lieberman and hoody (1998) indicate that team teaching may alleviate)tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.01 tc -0.012 tw (some of these pr)tj 7.02701 0 td (oblems by not only spr)tj 9.84034 0 td (eading the work between a number)tj -16.86735 -1.30001 td -0.0101 tc (of)tj 1.19353 0 td -0.01 tc 0.095 tw (individuals but also by pr)tj 11.50671 0 td (oviding opportunities for support. but team)tj -12.70024 -1.3 td -0.025 tc 0.002 tw [(teaching, if narr)17(owly understood as a \322r)19(elay\323)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 225.5528 369.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0249 tc (3)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 231.1337 365.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.025 tc 0.002 tw [(wher)18(e teachers do not actually)]tj -19.41337 -1.3 td -0.003 tc 0.117 tw [(teach together)73(, may jeopar)18(dize something many of the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 gr)18(eatly)]tj t* -0.017 tc -0.005 tw [(a)1(p)1(p)1(r)18(eciated: the elementary model, wher)18(eby they spent the entir)16(e time with)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.004 tw [(one teacher and with one gr)18(oup of 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 . having two teachers full-time)]tj -0.0102 tc (in)' 1.14114 0 td -0.01 tc 0.049 tw [(one pr)18(ogram to pr)17(ovide support, enhance inter)18(disciplinarity)111(, while still)]tj -1.14114 -1.3 td -0.033 tc 0.01 tw [(ensuring such continuity has occurr)18(ed in ontario with success (bozzelli, 1999),)]tj t* -0.01 tc 0 tw [(but is uncommon and incr)18(easingly unlikely given the funding cutbacks.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(another challenge facing these pr)17(ograms is their non-traditional natur)23(e)5(.)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.001 tc 0.119 tw (while concerns that the esp)tj 13.2523 0 td (is a \322bir)tj 3.68257 0 td 0.0009 tc (d)tj 0.98178 0 td 0.001 tc (course\323 certainly have lessened)tj -17.91665 -1.3 td 0.002 tc 0.118 tw (with time, ther)tj 6.78996 0 td 0.0017 tc (e)tj 0.85049 0 td (r)tj 0.3792 0 td 0.002 tc (emains some r)tj 6.62803 0 td (esistance to the pr)tj 8.32534 0 td (ogram among a few)tj -22.97302 -1.30001 td -0.005 tc 0.015 tw [(teachers and administrators who scof)19(f at 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 ability to learn content)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.029 tc 0.012 tw [(while outside, appar)18(ently only having fun. this skepticism is obviously being)]tj t* -0.017 tc -0.001 tw [(passed on to 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 since some of them did worry about the r)19(eputation of)]tj t* -0.029 tc 0.012 tw (the course. lieberman and hoody\325s (1998) documentation of significant gains)tj t* -0.003 tc 0.123 tw (in student performance obviously of)tj 16.47532 0 td (fers one antidote to such concerns;)tj -16.47532 -1.3 td 0 tc (r)tj 0.37196 0 td -0.005 tc 0 tw [(esear)18(ch of this kind, based on canadian pr)18(ograms, is much needed.)]tj 1.42804 -1.3 td 0 tc (finally)tj 2.95508 0 td -0.0002 tc (,)tj 0.58126 0 td 0 tc 0.082 tw [(the time-limited natur)17(e of these pr)18(ograms is also a concern.)]tj -5.33634 -1.3 td 0.096 tw (hobson (1996) r)tj 7.21759 0.00001 td (eminds us that \322[a]s it stands today)tj 16.10785 0.00001 td -0.0002 tc (,)tj 0.59615 0 td 0 tc (these pr)tj 3.61364 0.00001 td 0 tw (ogrammes)tj -27.53522 -1.30002 td -0.011 tc -0.002 tw [(make up an extr)17(emely small pr)18(oportion of a 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 academic car)19(eer\323 \(p.)]tj t* -0.014 tc 0.001 tw (28\). following 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 as they r)tj 13.89193 0.00001 td (eturned fr)tj 4.2965 0.00001 td (om an integrated pr)tj 8.52316 0.00001 td (ogram to the)tj -26.7116 -1.3 td -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(traditional classr)18(oom, hobson found that few of the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 continued to)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.003 tw [(be actively involved in envir)18(onmental issues. one student told her that the)]tj t* -0.017 tc 0.005 tw [(p)1(r)18(ogram, in r)18(e)1(t)1(r)18(ospect, was \322like a vacation.\323 while hobson\325s findings may)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (300)tj 20.80636 0.00001 td 0 tc (constance l.)tj 6.51538 0.00001 td (russell &)tj 4.83374 0.00001 td (john bur)tj 4.40772 0.00001 td (ton)tj et q endstream endobj 18 0 obj << /length 5187 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.01 tc 0.114 tw [(r)18(eveal as much about the traditional classr)18(oom as the integrated pr)17(o-)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.015 tc 0.002 tw [(grams, r)18(esear)18(ch of a longitudinal natur)17(e is necessary)111(. )37(although many of the)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.001 tc -0.011 tw [(r)18(ecent esp)-219(世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 attested to the power of the pr)17(ogram, we do not have)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.016 tc 0.004 tw [(such follow-up data yet. )37(also, in light of the gr)17(owing inter)17(est in \322significant)]tj t* -0.008 tc -0.005 tw [(life experiences\323 (palmer et al., 1998), it would be inter)17(esting to ask former)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.004 tw [(世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 , years hence, whether they believe that the pr)16(ogram had a lasting)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (impact on them.)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 213.8525 473.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(a)-232(conclusion)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 449.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.008 tc 0.117 tw [(much r)18(esear)18(ch needs to be done. nevertheless, we ar)18(e comfortable in)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.004 tc 0.12 tw [(asserting our belief that integrated pr)17(ograms such as the one featur)18(ed)]tj t* -0.024 tc 0.011 tw [(her)17(e show pr)18(omise. paul hart (1999), in pr)18(esenting his findings on childr)18(en\325s)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(ideas about the envir)18(onment, r)17(ecounted a r)18(ecurring theme in the stories of)]tj t* -0.013 tc 0.001 tw (elementary 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 : that teenagers wer)tj 17.12743 0 td -0.0132 tc (e)tj 0.70322 0 td -0.013 tc (self-involved and had no concern)tj -17.83065 -1.30001 td -0.011 tc -0.002 tw [(for others or the envir)18(onment.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 202.6046 388.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (4)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 207.9147 384.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 tc -0.002 tw [(our study of)18(fers a mor)18(e hopeful glimpse of)]tj -13.49147 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(this often devalued age gr)18(oup. )]tj 1.8 -1.2 td -0.019 tc 0.006 tw (the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 in this case study had opportunities to learn experientially)tj -1.8 -1.2 td 0 tc -0.012 tw (about and with their natural and social communities which, by their own)tj t* 0.008 tc 0.117 tw [(r)18(eckoning, led them to hone interpersonal skills and gr)18(ow personally)111(.)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (inter)tj 2.10034 0 td (estingly)tj 3.39282 0 td -0.0002 tc (,)tj 0.55348 0 td 0 tc 0.054 tw (while the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 did mention their incr)tj 18.4248 0 td (eased knowledge)tj -24.47143 -1.20001 td -0.015 tc 0.002 tw [(about and commitment to envir)18(onmental issues, what they most wanted to)]tj 0 -1.2 td 0 tc 0.007 tw [(r)18(elate to us at the end of the pr)17(ogram was their excitement at learning by)]tj t* -0.002 tw (doing, their interpersonal skills development, and their personal gr)tj 29.66241 0 td 0 tw (owth.)tj -29.66241 -1.2 td 0.006 tc 0.119 tw [(as envir)18(onmental educators, this does not tr)18(ouble us. )37(as selby (1995))]tj t* 0 tc -0.004 tw (suggests, such learning may be an important step in 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 developing)tj t* 0 tw (the necessary capacity for democratic, envir)tj 19.31323 0 td (onmental citizenship. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 220.6735 215.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (notes)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 73 195.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 78.0556 191.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.033 tc 0.007 tw (since 1995, the council of outdoor educators of ontario\325s journal, pathways:)tj -0.50556 -1.3 td -0.034 tc 0.009 tw (ontario journal of outdoor education, has devoted a column for teachers, stu)tj 31.86707 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.86707 -1.3 td -0.013 tc 0 tw (dents, and r)tj 5.09076 0 td (esear)tj 2.19581 0.00001 td (chers to discuss these pr)tj 10.36898 0 td (ograms.)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 73 143.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 78.3482 139.871 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(fr)17(om 1993 to 1999, ther)18(e wer)18(e also between 3 and 7 second-year esp)-219(stu)-1(-)]tj -0.53482 -1.3 td -0.002 tc -0.011 tw (dents who helped lead field trips, but who otherwise earned co-operative)tj t* 0 tc -0.008 tw [(education cr)18(edits outside of the pr)18(ogram in an envir)18(onment-r)17(elated field.)]tj t* -0.006 tc -0.007 tw (\(examples of positions included working with a conservation of)tj 27.86634 0.00001 td 0 tw (ficer)tj 1.83738 0.00001 td -0.0061 tc (,)tj 0.4813 0 td -0.006 tc (with)tj -30.185 -1.3 td -0.0222 tc (a)tj 0.7152 0 td -0.022 tc 0.01 tw [(for)18(estry consulting company)111(, and acting as a teaching assistant.\) these stu-)]tj -0.7152 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(dents wer)18(e not included in this analysis. )]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (a)tj 0.9997 0 td 0 tc (repor)tj 2.9082 0 td -0.0001 tc (t)tj 0.6107 0 td 0 tc (on an ontario secondar)tj 11.34267 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (y)tj 0.83376 0 td 0 tc (sc)tj 1.21311 0.00001 td (hool )tj 18.54172 0.00001 td (301)tj et q endstream endobj 19 0 obj << /length 5718 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 37 589.671 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0233 tc (3)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 42.7104 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.023 tc 0.011 tw [(pamela courtenay hall suggested this phrase to us while ar)18(guing that, ide)-1(-)]tj -0.57104 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0 tw [(ally)110(, team teaching is collaborative.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 37 553.671 tm 0 0 0 1 k (4)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 42.5042 549.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(inter)17(estingly)111(, often the esp)-233(世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 themselves complained about their)]tj -0.55042 -1.3 td -0.025 tc 0.012 tw (peers in ways akin to hart\325s elementary 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 . many attributed their own)tj t* -0.011 tc -0.002 tw [(gr)17(owing inter)18(est to their participation in the the pr)16(ogram. for a critical dis)1(-)]tj t* 0.017 tc 0.108 tw [(cussion of student apathy)111(, see lousley\325s (1999) ethnography of thr)18(ee)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(t)92(or)18(onto secondary school envir)18(onmental clubs.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 163.4604 463.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (acknowledgements)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 439.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 tc 0.086 tw [(first, we wish to thank all of the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 in the esp)-312(who so gener)18(ously)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.027 tc 0 tw (shar)tj 1.77536 0 td 0.007 tw (ed their insights with us. second, we wish to acknowledge the bluewater)tj -1.77536 -1.3 td -0.008 tc -0.012 tw [(district boar)18(d of education and janet glasspool, dir)19(ector of education, for)]tj t* -0.012 tc -0.008 tw (granting us permission to name the school, with no strings attached. thir)tj 31.35103 0 td 0 tw (d,)tj -31.35103 -1.3 td -0.0076 tc (we)tj 1.65402 0 td -0.008 tc 0.114 tw [(ar)18(e grateful for the editorial suggestions of john )36(ankenman, pamela)]tj -1.65402 -1.3 td 0 tw (courtenay hall, don w)tj 10.26047 0 td [(atson, and two anonymous r)18(eviewers.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 157.9087 339.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (notes on contributors)tj -12.09087 -2.38 td 0.005 tc 0.12 tw (connie russell)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 112.3243 315.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.005 tc 0.12 tw (teaches in the faculty of envir)tj 14.07439 0 td (onmental studies, )tj 8.50671 0 td 0 tc (y)tj 0.58013 0 td 0.005 tc 0 tw (ork)tj -30.69366 -1.30001 td -0.015 tc 0.003 tw (university and consults for the international institute for global education,)tj 0 -1.3 td 0.01 tc 0.115 tw [(ontario institute for studies in education, university of t)92(o)1(r)19(o)1(n)1(t)1(o)1(.)1( )1(h)1(e)1(r)]tj t* 0 tc 0.011 tw (work in envir)tj 6.01892 0 td (onmental education intersects with inter)tj 17.86841 0 td (ests in critical ped)tj 7.97992 0 td (-)tj -31.86725 -1.30001 td -0.014 tc 0.001 tw [(agogy)110(, ecofeminism, narrative, human/animal r)19(elations, community-based)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (conservation, and ecotourism.)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 227.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.107 tw (john burton)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 97.4762 227.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.107 tw [(developed and teaches the esp)-339(as well as science at gr)18(ey)]tj -6.04762 -1.3 td -0.01 tc -0.002 tw (highlands secondary school in flesherton, ontario. he also has led canoe,)tj t* 0 tc 0.005 tw (hiking, and rafting trips thr)tj 12.12224 0 td (oughout canada, and has taught white water)tj -12.12224 -1.3 td -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(canoeing and kayaking. john has a b.ed and an m.sc in sedimentary geol)1(-)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (ogy fr)tj 2.61743 0 td [(om 阿根廷vs墨西哥竞猜 in thunder bay)111(, ontario.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 173.0085 141.271 tm 0 0 0 1 k (references )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 37 119.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 tc -0.001 tw [(ashton, c. (1998). getting started: )36(an integrated curriculum pr)18(ogramme. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 322.1125 119.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 tc (pathways:)tj -29.6792 -1.1667 td 0 tc (ontario journal of outdoor education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 194.6143 109.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 199.1143 109.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (10)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 208.1143 109.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((2), 20-21.)tj -19.0127 -1.1667 td 0.083 tw [(barr)18(ett, m.j. & jupp, j. (2000). integrated pr)17(ogrammes and the new curriculum.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 55 88.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pathways: ontario journal of outdoor education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 234.5935 88.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 239.0935 88.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (12)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 248.0935 88.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((2), 12-15.)tj -23.4548 -1.1667 td 0.007 tc (barr)tj 1.9124 0 td 0.118 tw [(on, j. (1996). w)55(in-win financing: the art of survival in an integrated pr)17(o-)]tj 0.0876 -1.1667 td 0 tc 0 tw (gramme. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 92.7556 67.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pathways: ontario journal of outdoor education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 272.3491 67.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 276.8491 67.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (8)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 281.3491 67.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((2), 30-34.)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (302)tj 20.80636 0.00001 td 0 tc (constance l.)tj 6.51538 0.00001 td (russell &)tj 4.83374 0.00001 td (john bur)tj 4.40772 0.00001 td (ton)tj et q endstream endobj 20 0 obj << /length 11508 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 73 586.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.093 tw [(barr)18(on, j. (1998). shhhh! movement afoot! listening to voices in the grassr)18(oots.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 91 575.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pathways: ontario journal of outdoor education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 270.5935 575.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 275.0935 575.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (10)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 284.0935 575.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((1), 22-25.)tj -23.45483 -1.16667 td 0.106 tw [(bell, )37(a. (1997). natural history fr)17(om a learner)-74(\325s perspective. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 320.1197 565.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.106 tw (canadian journal of)tj -25.45774 -1.16667 td 0 tw [(envir)18(onmental education)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 185.2341 554.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 189.7341 554.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 194.2341 554.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.49995 0 td (132-144.)tj -13.9704 -1.16667 td -0.009 tc -0.004 tw [(bell, )37(a.c., russell, c.l., & plotkin, r. (1998). envir)19(onmental learning and the study)]tj 2 -1.16667 td -0.0002 tc (of)tj 1.12853 0 td 0 tc 0 tw (extinction. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 145.0901 533.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(journal of envir)18(onmental education)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 277.3105 533.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 281.8105 533.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (29)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 290.8105 533.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((2), 4-10.)tj -24.20117 -1.16667 td 0.075 tw [(bozzelli, e. (1999). roc 1998 and horwood\325s model of integrated pr)19(ogrammes.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 91 512.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pathways: ontario journal of outdoor education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 270.5935 512.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 275.0935 512.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.055 tc (11)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 283.5991 512.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((2), 24-26.)tj -23.3999 -1.16667 td -0.001 tc -0.011 tw [(burton, j. \(in pr)17(ess\). 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 in action: the envir)19(onmental studies pr)17(ogram (esp))]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0.02 tw [(at gr)17(ey highlands secondary school. in g. pike & d. selby (eds.), )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 357.4185 491.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 tw (the global)tj -29.60205 -1.16667 td 0 tw (school)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 113.1528 481.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (.)tj 0.5 0 td [(t)92(or)18(onto: umbr)17(ella pr)18(ess. )]tj -4.96142 -1.16667 td -0.012 tc (burton, j. (1998). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 138.9352 470.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 tc (esp 98 newsletter)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 206.0383 470.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0124 tc (.)tj 0.47491 0 td -0.012 tc [(flesherton, ontario: gr)17(ey highlands secondary)]tj -13.25694 -1.16667 td 0 tc (school.)tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.008 tc -0.005 tw [(cr)18(osby)110(, d. (1997). outdoor classr)18(oom winning acclaim. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 290.0411 449.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 tc -0.005 tw [(the owen sound sun t)54(imes)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 392.7501 449.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj -33.52779 -1.16667 td [(thursday june 19, p.1)55(1.)]tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(elrick, m. (2000). integrated studies: notes fr)18(om the integrated pr)17(o)-1(g)-1(r)-1(a)-1(m)-1(s)-1( )-1(s)-1(e)-1(s)-1(s)-1(i)-1(o)-1(n)-1(s)-1(,)]tj 2 -1.16667 td -0.005 tc [(council of outdoor educators of ontario (coeo) fall confer)18(ence. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 349.6578 418.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc (interactions:)tj -28.73976 -1.16667 td 0 tc [(the ontario journal of envir)18(onmental education)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 270.2068 407.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 274.7068 407.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (12)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 283.7068 407.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((3), 14.)tj -23.41187 -1.16667 td 0.073 tw [(elvy)111(, j. (1997). experience canada takes to the r)17(oad. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 286.0639 397.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.073 tw (pathways: ontario journal of)tj -21.67377 -1.16667 td 0 tw (outdoor education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 161.3894 386.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 165.8894 386.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (9)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 170.3894 386.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((5), 22-23.)tj -10.82104 -1.16667 td -0.005 tw [(fawcett, l., marino, d., & raglon, r. (1991). playfully critical: reframing envir)18(on)-1(-)]tj 2 -1.16667 td -0.002 tc -0.01 tw (mental education. in j. baldwin (ed.), )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 240.8439 365.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(confr)18(onting envir)17(onmental challenges in a)]tj -16.64932 -1.16667 td 0.009 tc 0.116 tw (changing world: selected papers fr)tj 14.58256 0 td (om the 1991 north american association for)tj -14.58256 -1.16667 td -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(envir)18(onmental education confer)17(ence pr)17(oceedings)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 264.0531 344.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [((pp. 250-254). t)90(r)18(oy)110(, ohio: naaee.)]tj -21.22812 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0.125 tw [(feagin, j.r., or)7(um, )37(a.m., & sjober)19(g, g. (1991). )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 266.9744 334.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.125 tw [(a)-338(case for t)-1(h)1(e)-1( )1(case)-1( s)1(t)-1(udy)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 360.9008 334.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0003 tc (.)tj 0.62518 0 td 0 tc (chapel)tj -30.61415 -1.16667 td (hill: university of north car)tj 12.7832 0 td [(olina pr)18(ess.)]tj -14.7832 -1.16667 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(hart, p)129(. (1999). )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 136.7858 313.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(childr)18(en\325)55(s)-1( )1(ide)-1(a)1(s about)-1( envir)18(onment)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 269.141 313.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0012 tc (.)tj 0.62606 0 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(paper pr)17(esented at the north)]tj -20.41951 -1.16667 td -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(american )37(association for envir)19(onmental education 28th )37(annual confer)17(ence,)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(cincinnati, ohio, )36(august 27-30.)]tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(henderson, b., mehta, s., & )37(arnott, t)74(. (1996). )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 251.5935 281.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(inventory of integrated curriculum pr)16(o-)]tj -17.84373 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0.051 tw (grammes employing outdoor experiential education at the secondary school level in)tj t* 0 tw (ontario)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 119.9885 260.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (.)tj 0.5 0 td [(t)92(or)18(onto: council of outdoor educators of ontario.)]tj -5.72094 -1.16667 td -0.024 tc 0.011 tw (henderson, b., mehta, s., & elrick, m. 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(1995). ener)18(gy and knowledge: the story of integrated curriculum)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tw (packages. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 132.0317 166.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pathways: ontario journal of outdoor education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 311.6252 166.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 316.1252 166.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (7)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 320.6252 166.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((4), 14-18.)tj -27.51391 -1.16666 td 0.007 tc 0.118 tw [(jupp, j. (1995). )37(an integrated pr)17(ogramme fr)18(om the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 perspective: the)]tj 2 -1.16667 td -0.012 tc 0 tw (br)tj 0.96444 0.00001 td -0.001 tw (onte cr)tj 3.18578 0 td [(eek pr)17(oject. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 174.4235 145.4039 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 tc -0.001 tw (pathways: ontario journal of outdoor education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 349.1472 145.4039 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0117 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 353.4296 145.4039 tm 0 0 0 1 k (7)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 357.8245 145.4039 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 tc -0.001 tw ((4), 19-23. )tj -31.64717 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0.025 tw (lieberman, g.a. & hoody)tj 11.64575 0 td (,)tj 0.52532 0 td (l.l. 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