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spirituality)tj 22.58264 0 td (,)tj -31.95002 -1.30001 td 0.014 tw [(and will attempt to look at eco-spirituality mor)17(e br)18(oadly)110(, i will draw pri-)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(marily on ecofeminist orientations of spirituality)110(. i use a definition of spir)1(-)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.003 tw [(ituality inspir)17(ed by heather eaton (1995). eaton r)18(efers to spirituality not as)]tj t* 0 tc 0.017 tw [(\322an other)18(-worldly r)17(eality)110(, but rather (a) gr)17(eek notion of )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 285.3842 273.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pneuma)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 320.2817 273.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (meaning)tj -28.32817 -1.3 td 0.061 tw (spirit or soul, and )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 120.1697 260.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (spirit)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 144.9411 260.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.061 tw [(coming fr)18(om the latin r)18(oot \324to br)17(eathe\325\323 (p. 29).)]tj -10.79411 -1.3 td 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-0.74971 -1.3 td -0.021 tc 0.009 tw [(in using eaton\325s non-intr)8(usive, almost secular definition, eco-spirituality can)]tj t* 0 tc 0.052 tw [(be seen as playing an important r)17(ole in contesting other mor)18(e dominant)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.003 tw [(ways of viewing natur)17(e in envir)18(onmental education, especially the view of)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (positivistic science.)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (learning,)tj 4.7378 0 td (ma)tj 1.3789 0 td (gic,)tj 1.9605 0 td (&)tj 0.9998 0 td (p)tj 0.6272 0 td [(olitics)-23857(203)]tj et q endstream endobj 8 0 obj << /length 5933 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 140.3186 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (science, magic, and environmental education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 561.871 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tc -0.01 tw [(s)-5(o)-5(m)-5(e of the most influential ideas about ecofeminism, politics and spiritu)1(-)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(a)1(l)1(i)1(t)1(y)-237(c)-4(o)-4(m)-4(e)-4( f)-4(r)14(o)-4(m)1( )5(s)1(t)1(a)1(r)18(hawk )4((1990) )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 216.5256 552.871 tm 0 0 0 1 k (3)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 221.8122 548.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tc -0.011 tw [(who ar)18(gues that earth based spirituality)]tj -14.88122 -1.3 td -0.016 tc -0.002 tw [(is r)18(ooted in thr)17(ee basic concepts she calls \322immanence, inter)19(connection, and)]tj t* -0.025 tc 0.012 tw [(c)5(o)5(m)5(m)5(u)5(n)5(i)5(t)5(y)55( )5((p. 73). the first concept star)18(hawk identifies in earth based)-233(s)5(p)5(i)5(r)5(-)]tj t* -0.009 tc -0.008 tw [(i)1(t)1(u)1(a)1(l)1(i)1(t)1(y)1( )1(i)1(s)1( )1(o)1(n)1(e)1( )1(t)1(h)1(a)1(t)1( )1(r)18(esonates thr)18(ough most of eco-spirituality)110(. the notion of)]tj t* -0.02 tc 0.002 tw [(immanence not only suggests that the earth is dynamic and alive, but it sub)-1(-)]tj t* -0.023 tc 0.006 tw [(mits that the sacr)18(ed is the world, is us. star)18(hawk leaves the idea of the sac)-5(r)18(e)1(d)]tj t* -0.021 tc 0.004 tw [(open to many conceptualizations (goddess, god, spirit, etc.) and ar)18(gues that)]tj t* -0.005 tc -0.012 tw [(what form the sacr)18(ed manifests as is not as important as how deep experi-)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (ences of)tj 3.51782 0 td -0.005 tc [(f)-5(e)-5(r)-5( )-5(a)-5( )-5(c)-5(o)-5(n)-5(n)-5(e)-5(c)-5(t)-5(i)-5(on with the earth and the world ar)17(ound us. )]tj -1.71782 -1.3 td -0.013 tc 0.001 tw [(star)18(hawk\325s (1990) conception of earth based spirituality is also one that)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.023 tc 0.01 tw [(attempts to undo the split between science and r)17(eligion. the split disappears)]tj t* 0 tc 0.089 tw (for star)tj 3.34058 0 td [(hawk because \322r)18(eligion no longer becomes a set of dogmas and)]tj -3.34058 -1.3 td -0.005 tc -0.007 tw (beliefs we have to accept even though they don\325t make any sense, and sci-)tj t* -0.011 tc -0.002 tw [(ence is no longer r)18(estricted to a type of analysis that picks the world apart\323)]tj t* -0.018 tc 0.005 tw [((p. 73) by challenging the split between science and r)17(eligion, star)18(hawk con-)]tj t* -0.012 tc -0.001 tw [(ceives of a science that becomes a way of looking at the world mor)19(e deeply)]tj t* -0.017 tc 0.004 tw (and with mor)tj 5.83829 0 td -0.0169 tc (e)tj 0.69937 0 td -0.017 tc 0 tw (clarity)tj 2.57408 0 td -0.0169 tc (.)tj 0.47048 0 td -0.017 tc 0.004 tw (this kind of science is quite dif)tj 13.13107 0 td 0 tw (fer)tj 1.13823 0 td 0.004 tw (ent than the science)tj -23.85152 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0 tw (that curr)tj 3.802 0 td (ently influences envir)tj 9.53223 0 td (onmental education. )tj -11.53423 -1.30001 td -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(s)-1(o)-1(m)-1(e)-1( )-1(e)-1(n)-1(v)-1(i)-1(r)17(o)-1(n)-1(m)-1(e)-1(n)-1(t)-1(a)-1(l)-1( )-1(e)-1(d)-1(u)-1(c)-1(a)-1(t)-1(o)-1(r)-1(s)-1( )-1(a)-1(r)17(e beginning to challenge the author)-2(-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.005 tw [(ity and supr)17(emacy given to science within envir)18(onmental education. the)]tj t* -0.02 tc 0.007 tw (main thr)tj 3.65142 0 td (ust of the criticism of science based envir)tj 17.24729 0 td (onmental education is that)tj -20.89871 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.008 tw [(ecological concepts ar)18(e often taught in what is couched as objective, neu-)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.011 tc -0.001 tw [(tral, and universal principles. connie russell, )37(anne bell and leesa fawcett)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.009 tw (\(in pr)tj 2.40531 0 td (ess\) ar)tj 2.75527 0 td (gue that science based envir)tj 12.24888 0 td (onmental education \322conceals the)tj -17.40946 -1.30001 td -0.024 tc 0.012 tw [(values, beliefs and assumptions which underlie information, cr)19(eating an illu)-1(-)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.005 tc 0.12 tw (sion of neutrality and anonymity\323 \(in pr)tj 18.68661 0 td (ess\). ian robottom \(1991\) has)tj -18.68661 -1.3 td -0.002 tc -0.01 tw (also been quite vocal in his criticism of the technocratic rationality he sees)tj t* -0.008 tc -0.004 tw [(as underlying much of envir)18(onmental education. robottom ar)18(gues that by)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(framing envir)18(onmental pr)17(oblems as technical matters, the str)18(ong political)]tj t* 0 tc -0.012 tw (dimensions of envir)tj 8.75199 0 td [(onmental issues disappear)75(. t)92(echnocratic rationality is)]tj -8.75199 -1.3 td 0.038 tw [(expr)17(essed \322not only in the pedagogy of envir)18(onmental education \(trans-)]tj t* 0.031 tw (mission of pr)tj 5.85895 0 td (epositional knowledge\) but also in the value fr)tj 20.75863 0.00001 td (ee-images of)tj -26.61758 -1.30001 td -0.019 tc 0.007 tw [(\324envir)18(onment\325 and \324ecology\325 that ar)18(e taught\323 (p. 21). robottom suggests that)]tj t* 0.009 tc 0.116 tw [(human inter)18(ests \(and i would include non-human inter)18(ests\) ar)18(e over-)]tj t* 0.011 tc 0.113 tw [(looked when envir)18(onmental pr)17(oblems ar)18(e described only in scientific)]tj t* 0 tc -0.012 tw (terms. by privileging the authority of science, one very particular form of)tj t* 0.002 tc 0.123 tw [(knowledge becomes favour)18(ed and dominant. )37(a)-319(kind of envir)17(onmental)]tj t* -0.008 tc -0.004 tw (education that incorporated a vision of science similar to that described by)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (204)tj 31.45528 0.00001 td (kimberle)tj 4.26319 0.00001 td -0.0002 tc (y)tj 0.83366 0 td 0 tc (fr)tj 1.0096 0.00001 td (y)tj et q endstream endobj 9 0 obj << /length 5467 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.058 tw [(star)18(hawk would see the envir)17(onment as mor)18(e inter)18(connected and value)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.008 tc -0.005 tw [(based. this, i believe, would challenge the curr)18(ent forms of envir)18(onmental)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.021 tw [(education that ar)17(e rar)18(ely self-r)18(eflexive about the r)17(ole of science and tech-)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tw [(nocratic rationality \(see russell et al., in pr)17(ess\).)]tj 1.8 -1.30001 td -0.006 tc -0.006 tw [(by focusing on inter)18(connectedness, star)18(hawk (1990) makes r)18(oom for a)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.076 tw [(joining of politics, science, and the sacr)19(ed. she calls this \322building com-)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(m)1(u)1(n)1(i)1(t)1(y)111(.\323 \322the goal is the cr)18(eation of a community that becomes a place in)]tj t* -0.024 tc 0.012 tw [(which we can be empower)18(ed and in which we can be connected to the earth)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (and take action together to heal the earth\323 (p. 74). )tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.012 tc -0.006 tw [(star)18(hawk\325s focus on the principles of immanence, inter)18(connection, and)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.005 tc 0 tw [(community leads to a collapse in the dif)18(fer)18(entiation between the notion of)]tj t* -0.023 tc 0.006 tw [(action gr)18(o)1(w)1(i)1(n)1(g)1( )1(f)1(r)18(om spirituality and the notion of action gr)17(o)1(w)1(i)1(n)1(g)1( )1(f)1(r)19(o)1(m)1( )1(i)1(n)1(t)1(e)1(l)1(-)]tj t* 0.005 tw [(lectual thought. star)17(hawk (1990) ar)17(gues that the idea of the earth being alive)]tj t* -0.013 tc -0.005 tw (\322is becoming an acceptable intellectual philosophy\323 (p. 74). pointing to the)tj t* -0.007 tc -0.01 tw [(popularization of the gaia hypothesis, star)17(hawk suggests that some scien-)]tj t* -0.029 tc 0.006 tw [(t)-5(i)-5(s)-5(t)-5(s)-5( )-5(a)-5(r)13(e)-5( )-5(u)-5(n)-5(k)-5(n)-5(o)-5(w)-5(i)-5(n)-5(g)-5(l)-5(y)-233(acknowledging what people in tribal cultur)16(es, w)55(itches,)]tj t* -0.01 tc 0 tw (shamans, and the like have been saying for years: the earth is alive.)tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.022 tc 0.009 tw [(the earth as 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-0.01 tw [(year as a gr)18(oup of political pagans conver)18(ge onto queen\325s park to rid it of)]tj t* 0.003 tc 0.122 tw (the bad ener)tj 5.7502 0 td 0.0031 tc (gy)tj 1.49299 0 td (r)tj 0.38087 0 td 0.003 tc (esulting fr)tj 4.6689 0 td (om the conservative government as well as)tj -12.29296 -1.30001 td -0.001 tc -0.011 tw (sending healing light and positive ener)tj 17.12472 0 td (gy to the ontario legislatur)tj 12.17204 0 td -0.0014 tc (e)tj 0.71493 0 td -0.001 tc (in an)tj -30.01169 -1.30001 td -0.011 tc -0.001 tw [(e)1(f)18(fort to change consciousness. )38(although the ef)17(fectiveness of such an event)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.008 tw [(can be called into question, many of the participants use the ener)17(gy fr)18(om)]tj t* 0 tw (such an event to fuel their political str)tj 16.67944 0 td (uggles after the af)tj 7.8916 0 td (fair)tj 1.44434 0 td (.)tj -24.21538 -1.30001 td -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(political pagans have also been active in r)17(ecent str)8(uggles against glob)-1(-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.009 tc 0.116 tw [(alization, or)18(ganizing dozens of pagan center)17(ed \322af)18(f)1(i)1(n)1(i)1(t)1(y)1( )1(g)1(r)18(oups\323)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 335.0991 173.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (4)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 341.9014 169.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.009 tc (and)tj -30.49014 -1.3 td 0.003 tc 0.121 tw [(public rituals during mass actions such as the shutdown of the w)92(orld)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(t)90(rade or)18(ganization talks in seattle.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 174.7153 110.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (political magic)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 86.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 tc 0.028 tw (because w)tj 4.6946 0 td 0 tw (itch)tj 1.6123 0 td 0 tc 0.028 tw (es and pagans practice magic and star)tj 17.00204 0.00001 td (hawk (1990) defines)tj -23.3089 -1.3 td 0.094 tw [(magic as \322the art of changing consciousness at will\323 (p. 76), ther)18(e is an)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (learning,)tj 4.7378 0 td (ma)tj 1.3789 0 td (gic,)tj 1.9604 0 td (&)tj 0.9998 0 td (p)tj 0.6272 0 td [(olitics)-23857(205)]tj et q endstream endobj 10 0 obj << /length 6534 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.021 tc 0.009 tw [(important connection between magic and politics. star)18(hawk makes this con-)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.024 tc 0.012 tw (nection quite explicitly by suggesting that changing consciousness on a mass)tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.072 tw [(scale can)10( )10(b)10(e a political manifestation of magic. what is appealing about)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.009 tc -0.003 tw [(star)18(hawk\325s conception of magic is that it focuses on self-transformation, or)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.01 tw (changing individual consciousness, but it also seems to acknowledge that)tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.041 tw (not all change can be individual and not all magic manifests itself in the)tj t* -0.016 tc 0.003 tw [(same way)111(. star)18(hawk (1982) describes magic as being pr)17(osaic as in a lawsuit,)]tj -0.009 tc (a)' 0.72838 0 td -0.004 tw [(leaflet, or a demonstration; these actions all change consciousness. )38(at the)]tj -0.72838 -1.3 td -0.014 tc -0.009 tw [(s)-10(a)-10(m)-10(e)-237(time, magic can be esoteric involving a deepening awar)17(eness, psychic)]tj t* -0.013 tc (development, and heightened intuition. this has a personal dimension that)tj t* -0.01 tc 0.048 tw [(star)18(hawk alludes to by looking at how political actions like leafleting and)]tj t* -0.034 tc 0.011 tw [(demonstrating can exist in hierar)17(chical )1(s)-10(t)-10(r)-3(u)-10(c)-10(t)-10(u)-10(r)8(e)-10(s)-10( )-10(t)-10(h)-10(a)-10(t)-10( )-10(p)-10(r)7(o)-10(m)-10(o)-10(t)-10(e)-10( )-10-10(p)-10(o)-10(w)-10(e)-10(r)8(-)-10(o)-10(v)-10(e)-10(r)64(.)-10]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(star)18(hawk\325s (1982) conception of power is very dif)18(fer)18(ent fr)17(om popular)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (uses of the wor)tj 6.70117 0 td -0.0001 tc (d)tj 0.8607 0 td 0 tc [(in contemporary western cultur)18(e. star)17(hawk sees:)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 91 397.1709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0034 tc (.)tj 0.62823 0 td (.)tj 0.62823 0 td (.)tj 0.62823 0 td 0.003 tc 0.122 tw (power based on a principle very dif)tj 16.58356 0 td 0 tw (fer)tj 1.19887 0 td 0.122 tw (ent fr)tj 2.48851 0 td (om power)tj 4.66438 0 td 0 tw (-over)tj 2.26048 0 td 0.0033 tc (,)tj 0.62814 0 td 0.003 tc [(fr)18(om)]tj -29.70863 -1.16669 td 0 tc 0.007 tw [(domination. for power)18(-over is, ultimately)110(, the power of the gun and)1( the)]tj 0 -1.16667 td -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(bomb, the power of annihilation that backs up all the institutions of dom)-1(-)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (ination. )tj 3.67319 0 td 0.074 tw [(y)92(et the power we sense in a seed, in the gr)17(owth of a child, the)]tj -3.67319 -1.16667 td -0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(power we feel writing, working, cr)17(eating, making choices, has nothing to)]tj t* 0 tc 0.008 tw [(do with thr)18(eats of annihilation. it has to do with the r)17(oot meaning of the)]tj t* 0.064 tw [(wor)18(d power)74(, fr)17(om the (late popular) latin, poder)18(e (to be able). it is the)]tj t* 0 tw [(power that comes fr)18(om within. (p. 3))]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 301.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (star)tj 1.72778 0 td 0.032 tw (hawk (1982) talks about how ther)tj 14.89594 0 td -0.0002 tc (e)tj 0.76059 0 td 0 tc 0 tw (ar)tj 0.87704 0 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.76069 0 td 0 tc 0.032 tw (many names used to describe)tj -19.02204 -1.30001 td 0.076 tw [(power)18(-fr)17(om-within and she of)18(fers )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 228.1821 288.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (spirit)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 253.1067 288.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (and )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 273.2951 288.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (goddess)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 309.8823 288.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.076 tw (as two possibilities)tj -23.68823 -1.3 td -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(understanding that wor)17(ds such as goddess make some people, especially)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.005 tw (those who identify as political, uneasy)tj 16.51859 0 td -0.0072 tc (.)tj 0.48024 0 td -0.007 tc [(for those who ar)18(e not spiritual, the)]tj -16.99883 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.074 tw (use of goddess or spirit can be pr)tj 15.31172 0 td (oblematic so star)tj 7.65728 0 td (hawk maintains that)tj -22.969 -1.30001 td -0.017 tc 0.004 tw [(political issues ar)18(e in many ways also issues of the spirit, \322conflicts between)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.019 tc 0.006 tw [(paradigms or underlying principles\323 (p. 4). the main question for star)18(hawk)]tj t* 0 tc 0.026 tw [(is not how to overthr)18(ow those pr)17(esently in power but rather)73(, how do we)]tj t* -0.009 tc 0 tw (overthr)tj 3.20784 0 td -0.004 tw (ow the principle of power)tj 11.22097 0 td [(-over? star)18(hawk\325s inter)18(est lies in figuring)]tj -14.42881 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (out how to shape a society based on the principle of power)tj 25.97705 0 td (-fr)tj 1.04248 0 td (om-within.)tj -24.8891 -1.30001 td (t)tj 0.521 0 td -0.0001 tc (o)tj 0.8762 0 td 0 tc 0.08 tw [(use magic in politics could r)19(esult in a discar)18(ding of hierar)17(chical)]tj -3.52763 -1.3 td -0.005 tc 0 tw (str)tj 1.12292 0 td -0.008 tw [(uctur)17(es and power)19(-over)73(, in favour of immanence and understanding of)]tj -1.12292 -1.3 td -0.024 tc 0.011 tw (the inter)tj 3.49195 0.00001 td -0.023 tc (connectedness of all things. magic as politics involves a whole series)tj -3.49195 -1.30001 td 0.01 tw [(of moving ener)18(gy)110(, caring, connecting, and changing. star)17(hawk describes this)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.008 tw (as a paradox, wher)tj 8.26045 0.00001 td -0.0045 tc (e)tj 0.71192 0 td -0.004 tc (on one hand consciousness shapes r)tj 15.6659 0.00001 td -0.005 tc 0 tw (eality)tj 2.30507 0.00001 td -0.0045 tc (,)tj 0.48288 0 td (r)tj 0.37283 0.00001 td -0.005 tc -0.008 tw (eality also)tj -27.7991 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (shapes consciousness. )tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.0044 tc (i)tj 0.6975 0 td -0.004 tc 0.119 tw [(like the paradox described by star)17(hawk because it can be used to)]tj -2.4975 -1.3 td -0.003 tc 0.117 tw [(acknowledge that consciousness is gr)19(ounded in material and str)8(uctural)]tj t* -0.018 tc -0.005 tw [(conditions without being deterministic. star)17(hawk\325s paradox gives agency to)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (206)tj 31.45528 0.00001 td (kimberle)tj 4.26319 0.00001 td -0.0002 tc (y)tj 0.83366 0 td 0 tc (fr)tj 1.0096 0.00001 td (y)tj et q endstream endobj 11 0 obj << /length 5649 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.02 tc -0.008 tw [(i)-5(n)-5(d)-5(i)-5(v)-5(i)-5(d)-5(u)-5(als to change things but only within the scope of \322conditioned r)17(eal-)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.015 tc 0.007 tw [(ity)110(.\323 ther)18(e is r)18(oom to move ener)18(gy but the onus upon the liberal idea of the)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.035 tc 0.008 tw [(f)1(r)18(ee and able individual is r)18(emoved. the paradox is powe)1(r)-5(f)-5(u)-5(l)-5( )-5(a)-5(n)-5(d)-5( )-5(i)-5(t)-5( )-5(i)-5(s)-5( )-5(o)-5(n)-5(e)-5( )-5(t)-5(h)-5(a)-5(t)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.0101 tc (i)tj 0.56673 0 td -0.01 tc 0 tw [(think could ef)18(fectively be incorporated into envir)17(onmental education.)]tj 1.23327 -1.30001 td 0 tc -0.008 tw [(if star)18(hawk\325s definition of magic is understood, the focus on individ)1(-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tw (ual )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 53.8775 520.671 tm 0 0 0 1 k (and)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 71.817 520.671 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.044 tw [(collective consciousness changing is full of potential. star)18(hawk\325s)]tj -3.4817 -1.3 td -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(appr)17(oach of focusing on the individual as well as focusing on community)]tj t* -0.014 tc -0.004 tw [(i)-5(s)-5( )-5(a)-5(n)-5( )-5(a)-5(p)-5(p)-5(r)13(o)-5(a)-5(c)-5(h)-238(that can be powerful in envir)17(onmental educat)1(io)-1(n. t)93(oo often,)]tj t* -0.003 tc 0.123 tw [(envir)18(onmental education fails to addr)18(ess how r)18(eality shapes conscious-)]tj t* -0.011 tc -0.007 tw [(ness. for example, pr)18(ograms like those found in earth education,)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 318.228 472.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0109 tc (5)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 322.5577 468.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 tc -0.007 tw (focus on)tj -28.55577 -1.3 td 0.001 tc 0.119 tw [(c)1(r)19(eating an ecological selfhood that is fully connected with the natural)]tj t* -0.005 tc 0.039 tw [(world without any r)17(egar)18(d for context or r)17(eality)111(. in other wor)17(ds, although)]tj t* 0.086 tw [(many strands of envir)18(onmental education do focus on community)112(, indi-)]tj t* 0.046 tw (vidual r)tj 3.4933 0 td (esponsibility still ends up as the main focal point. universalizing)tj -3.4933 -1.3 td 0.026 tw [(assumptions infer that everyone is in the same situation and thus ignor)18(es)]tj t* 0.034 tw [(contexts. one cannot assume for example that the term \322envi)-1(r)14(o)-5(n)-5(m)-5(e)-5(n)-5(t)-5-5( )-5(i)-5(s)]tj t* 0 tc -0.002 tw [(going to mean the same thing to all people. for a young woman gr)17(owing)]tj t* -0.012 tw [(up in a polluted community)111(, health issues like br)17(east cancer may be mor)18(e)]tj t* 0.006 tc 0.118 tw [(r)18(elevant than issues of wilderness pr)18(eservation. learning how to lead)]tj t* 0.007 tc [(civil disobedience actions or test for the pr)18(esence of certain chemicals)]tj t* 0.005 tc 0.12 tw (might be of gr)tj 6.66296 0 td (eater importance than cosmic oneness or dif)tj 20.35938 0 td 0 tw (fer)tj 1.20415 0 td (entiating)tj -28.22649 -1.30001 td 0 tc [(between dif)17(fer)18(ent species of tr)18(ees. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.005 tc 0.06 tw [(a)-5(lthough terms like \322magic\323 and \322spirituality\323 tend to make people)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.028 tc 0.01 tw [(uncomfortable, especially within the context of education, ther)17(e may be r)17(oom)]tj t* -0.017 tc -0.001 tw [(for magic and the sacr)18(ed in an ecofeminist envir)18(onmental education. seeing)]tj t* 0.002 tc 0.118 tw (science as being potentially non-positivistic and technocratic, a way of)tj t* -0.003 tc 0.123 tw (\322looking mor)tj 6.00711 0 td -0.0034 tc (e)tj 0.84548 0 td -0.003 tc (deeply at the earth as a living being\323 is spiritual. when)tj -6.85258 -1.3 td -0.02 tc 0.002 tw (education is seen to have magical possibilities that enhance its politicization,)tj t* -0.005 tc 0 tw (it does not seem so out of place to connect learning, magic, and politics.)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 94.7434 187.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (criticisms of magic and environmental education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 163.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc -0.008 tw (some envir)tj 4.91845 0 td (onmental theorists have a decidedly negative view of eco-spir-)tj -4.91845 -1.3 td -0.007 tc -0.005 tw (ituality and murray bookchin is one of the most vocal and harshest critics.)tj t* 0.002 tc 0.123 tw [(bookchin (1989), accuses eco-spirituality)111(, specifically deep ecology and)]tj t* -0.001 tc 0 tw (ecofeminism,)tj 6.10973 0.00001 td -0.006 tc -0.012 tw [(of attempting to turn ecology into a r)17(eligion by peopling the)]tj -6.1097 -1.3 td -0.019 tc 0.002 tw (natural world with gods, goddesses, and wood sprites. bookchin is scathing)tj t* -0.026 tc 0.008 tw (in his critique of eco-spirituality as uses terms like \322appalling mixtur)tj 28.55617 0.00001 td -0.0256 tc (e)tj 0.68571 0 td -0.026 tc (of junk)tj -29.2419 -1.3 td -0.013 tc -0.004 tw [(ideas,\323 \322supernatural r)8(ubbish,\323 and \322squalid ooze of atheistic r)18(eligions\323 \(p.)]tj t* -0.016 tc -0.002 tw [(162\) to describe and dismiss ideas and beliefs such as )2(s)-5(t)-5(a)-5(r)12(h)-5(a)-5(w)-5(k)-5-5(s)-5(.)-5( )-5(b)-5(o)-5(o)-5(k)-5(c)-5(h)-5(i)-5(n)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.91 324 11.858 re f 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (learning,)tj 4.7378 0 td (ma)tj 1.3789 0 td (gic,)tj 1.9604 0 td (&)tj 0.9998 0 td (p)tj 0.6272 0 td [(olitics)-23857(207)]tj et q endstream endobj 12 0 obj << /length 5175 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.008 tw (is particularly biting in his comments about theistic eco-feminism, which)tj 0 -1.30001 td 0.018 tw [(he sees as r)18(eplacing male chauvinism with female chauvinism. bookchin)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.023 tc 0.01 tw [(claims that \322political engagement in this theistic terrain tends to shrivel fr)17(om)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0.02 tc 0.177 tw [(activism into quietism and fr)18(om social or)19(ganization into privatistic)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(encounter)18(-gr)17(oups\323 (p. 162).)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.001 tw [(bookchin\325s (1989) criticisms of eco-spirituality ar)19(e lar)17(gely unsubstan-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.003 tw [(tiated lacking any r)17(eal evidence or examples. critics of ecological spiritu)1(-)]tj t* 0.006 tc 0.118 tw [(ality often fall into the \322straw entity dilemma\323 wher)17(e criticisms come)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.009 tw [(fr)17(om nowher)18(e specific and ar)18(e often in the form of ridicule. bookchin fails)]tj t* 0 tc -0.01 tw [(to even consider the possibility of eco-spirituality and magic being politi)-1(-)]tj t* -0.015 tc 0.002 tw [(cal and ther)18(efor)17(e fails at bringing specific concerns about certain danger)18(ous)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (tendencies of eco-spirituality to light. )tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.011 tw [(while bookchin\325s criticisms of envir)19(onmental spirituality can be seen)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.05 tw (as an extr)tj 4.30318 0 td (eme, several theorists who identify themselves as ecofeminists)tj -4.30318 -1.3 td -0.011 tc -0.002 tw (have raised some concerns over tendencies in the spirituality movement to)tj t* 0.005 tc 0.011 tw [(r)23(o)5(manticize, objectify)111(, and anthr)17(opomorphize natur)18(e. concerns over the)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.001 tw [(tendency of spiritual extensions of envir)18(onmentalism to appr)18(opriate other)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(c)-5(u)-5(l)-5(tural practices have also been raised \(see gaar)18(d, 1993; eller)74(, 1995\). )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.027 tc 0.005 tw [(chaia heller (1993) writes about how \322natur)17(e idealism\323 can cr)19(eate a dan-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.013 tc -0.01 tw [(ger)17(ously r)18(omantic view of the earth wher)17(e r)18(omantic notions such as \322ideal)1(-)]tj t* -0.027 tc 0.005 tw (ization, pr)tj 4.21868 0 td (otection and constraint\323 pervade (p. 223). heller gives the example)tj -4.21868 -1.3 td -0.01 tc 0.001 tw [(of designer buttons with pictur)17(es of the earth and attached slogans such as)]tj t* -0.022 tc -0.001 tw [(\322love our mother)74(.\323 in one particular example heller cites a quotation which)]tj t* -0.01 tc 0 tw [(was included on the car)18(dboar)18(d tag attached to the button which r)17(eads:)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 91 265.1709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (i)tj 0.58677 0 td 0 tc [(hold in my mind a pictur)18(e of perfection for mother earth.)]tj -0.58677 -1.16667 td -0.0002 tc (i)tj 0.58669 0 td 0 tc [(know this perfect pictur)17(e cr)18(eates positive ener)18(gy fr)17(om)]tj -0.58669 -1.16667 td (my thought, which allows my vision to be manifested in the)tj t* (world. \(hooks in heller)tj 10.22657 0 td (,)tj 0.49993 0 td (1993, p. 199\))tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 210.1709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.016 tc 0.004 tw [(heller (1993) finds such images pr)18(oblematic because the r)18(omantic \322expr)18(ess-)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.014 tc 0.001 tw [(es his love thr)18(ough \324perfect thoughts\325 rather than thr)17(ough authentic knowl)-1(-)]tj t* -0.023 tc 0.01 tw (edge or action\323 (p. 223). not only is the perfected idea of the earth often seen)tj t* 0 tc 0.056 tw (as an insuf)tj 4.83082 0 td [(ficient expr)17(ession of knowledge about natur)18(e, but heller also)]tj -4.83082 -1.3 td -0.008 tc 0 tw (ar)tj 0.86188 0 td -0.005 tw [(gues that in r)17(omantic views of natur)18(e social contexts and plans for social)]tj -0.86188 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(action ar)18(e often left out for fear of interr)7(upting the r)17(omance.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.005 tc 0.111 tw (heller (1993) also points out the gender specificity of \322romancing)tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.003 tc -0.007 tw [(n)-8(a)-8(tur)17(e.\323 not only is the r)17(omantic \322unawar)18(e of woman\325s capacity for self-)]tj t* 0 tw (assertion thr)tj 5.46804 0.00001 td 0 tc (o)tj 0.54341 0.00001 td 0.005 tc (ugh sabotage and r)tj 8.53401 0.00001 td (esistance\323 but heller also sees r)tj 14.05353 0.00001 td (omantic)tj -28.599 -1.3 td 0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(love as a \322pitiful attempt to love and know another fr)17(om behind the wall)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(o)-5(f)-5( )-5(d)-5(o)-5(m)-4(ination\323 (p. 222). further)73(, since r)18(omantic love can be seen as sexist,)]tj t* -0.009 tc -0.004 tw [(extending r)17(omantic notions to natur)18(e and the earth is inher)17(ently a feminist)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.91 324 11.858 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (208)tj 31.45528 0.00001 td (kimberle)tj 4.26319 0.00001 td -0.0002 tc (y)tj 0.83366 0 td 0 tc (fr)tj 1.0096 0.00001 td (y)tj et q endstream endobj 13 0 obj << /length 5663 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.013 tw [(issue. because envir)18(onmental education is heavily influenced by ideas of)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0.005 tc 0.12 tw [(earth as mother and humans as saviours, then the issue of r)19(omancing)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(natur)17(e is r)18(elevant to envir)18(onmental education.)]tj 1.8 -1.30001 td -0.0125 tc (i)tj 0.68445 0 td -0.013 tc 0.122 tw [(w)-1(o)-1(u)-1(l)-1(d)-1( )-1(a)-1(r)17(gue that many manifestations of envir)18(onmental education)]tj -2.48445 -1.30001 td -0.015 tc 0.023 tw (have been influenced by gaia imagery \(seeing the earth as alive, seeing the)tj 0 -1.3 td 0.117 tw [(earth as a nurturing mother\) and the cult of the r)17(omantic, and education)]tj t* -0.026 tc -0.002 tw [(inspir)18(ed by deep ecology pr)17(obably tends to be the most so. heller (1993) talks)]tj t* -0.029 tc 0.001 tw [(about how the metaphors of deep ecology idealize natur)17(e)-1(.)-1( )-1-1(m)-1(o)-1(t)-1(h)-1(e)-1(r)-1( )-1(e)-1(a)-1(r)-1(t)-1(h)-1( )-1(a)-1(n)-1(d)]tj t* -0.022 tc -0.006 tw [(mother gaia r)18(eflect an idea of natur)17(e as the pur)18(e)-1(,)-1( )-1(i)-1(d)-1(e)-1(a)-1(l)-1(,)-1( )-1(a)-1(l)-1(l)-1(-)-1(g)-1(i)-1(v)-1(i)-1(n)-1(g)-1( )-1(w)-1(o)-1(m)-1(a)-1(n)-1( )-1(f)-1(o)-1(r)]tj t* -0.035 tc 0.007 tw (whom every ecologically minded knight should willingly risk his life\323 (p. 223). )tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.03 tw [(as mentioned earlier)74(, i feel that ther)17(e is an important place for spiri-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(tuality and magic within envir)17(onmental education. t)92(o ignor)18(e the sacr)17(ed and)]tj t* 0 tc -0.003 tw [(the magical connections one can develop with natur)18(e would be an unfor-)]tj t* -0.014 tc 0.001 tw (tunate omission. the gr)tj 10.09528 0 td (owth and development of holistic education, which)tj -10.09528 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.017 tw [(ar)18(gues for the importance of not only cognition but also, emotions, spiri)-1(-)]tj t* 0.124 tw [(tuality)110(, and kineseology as important aspects of the learning pr)18(ocess. i)]tj t* -0.021 tc 0.009 tw [(see this development in education as pr)18(omising; it makes r)18(oom for the polit-)]tj t* 0.005 tc 0.12 tw [(ical possibilities of magic described by star)18(hawk. the idea of earth as)]tj t* 0.004 tc 0.121 tw (alive is important in challenging the dominant positivist science para-)tj t* 0 tc 0.004 tw [(digm that exists within envir)17(onmental education yet envir)18(onmental edu-)]tj t* 0.027 tw (cation needs to be car)tj 9.59467 0 td (eful and self critical in the pr)tj 12.80349 0 td (ocess of incorporating)tj -22.39816 -1.30001 td 0 tw [(spirituality into an envir)17(onmental education pedagogy)111(. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.005 tc 0.053 tw [(when envir)18(onmental education applies r)17(omantic ideas of natur)18(e like)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.125 tw [(those described by heller (1993), it can engage in a pr)17(ocess of depoliti)1(-)]tj t* -0.024 tc 0.006 tw [(cization. not only ar)18(e dualisms of man/woman, natur)18(e/cultur)18(e perpetuated)]tj t* -0.029 tc 0.012 tw [(ther)17(eby idealizing so called \322feminine\323 traits, but the causes of envir)18(onmental)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.008 tw (degradation and social injustice ar)tj 14.76315 0 td -0.0098 tc (e)tj 0.70158 0 td -0.01 tc (masked. ecofeminism generally r)tj 14.39851 0 td 0 tw (ejects)tj -29.86324 -1.3 td -0.005 tc 0.018 tw (biologically r)tj 5.72935 0 td (eductive ar)tj 4.88669 0 td (guments about women being closer to natur)tj 19.40351 0 td -0.0052 tc (e)tj 0.7367 0 td -0.005 tc 0 tw (not)tj -30.75625 -1.30001 td -0.017 tc -0.001 tw [(only because of its essentialist associations, but also because it r)18(einfor)18(ces the)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tw [(idea that women ar)18(e inher)17(ently mor)18(e nurturing and caring, and ther)17(efor)18(e in)]tj -0.0051 tc (a)' 0.73971 0 td -0.005 tc (better position to \322clean up\323 the envir)tj 16.51854 0 td (onment (see sandilands, 1999). )tj -15.45825 -1.3 td -0.01 tc 0.049 tw [(h)-10(e)-11(ller (1993) also suggests that r)18(omantic constraint further \322incr)18(eases)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.012 tc -0.01 tw [(alienation within society and between society and natur)17(e\323 (p. 227). because)]tj t* -0.01 tc 0.008 tw [(humans ar)18(e seen as a universal, homogeneous gr)19(oup, \(except of course for)]tj t* -0.027 tc 0.005 tw [(the inher)17(ent traits of women being nurturing and closer to natur)17(e\) an abstract)]tj t* -0.006 tc -0.012 tw [(n)5(o)5(t)5(i)5(o)5(n)5( )5(o)5(f)5( )55(h)5(u)5(m)5(a)5(n)5(s)55( )5(b)5(e)5(i)5(ng r)17(esponsible for envir)18(onmental degradation fails)]tj -0.0234 tc (to)' 1.0576 0 td -0.023 tc 0.006 tw [(acknowledge the specificity of r)17(esponsibility and contextualization of gen-)]tj -1.0576 -1.3 td -0.005 tc 0 tw (der)tj 1.4516 0 td [(ed (as well as classed, raced, and sexualized) individua)2(l)3( )3(s)3(i)3(t)3(u)3(a)3(t)3(i)3(o)3(n)3(s)3(.)3( )]tj 0.3484 -1.3 td -0.0117 tc (i)tj 0.5627 0 td -0.012 tc (agr)tj 1.3983 0 td -0.001 tw (ee with heller)tj 6.16588 0.00001 td (\325s (1993) call for a moratorium on female metaphors)tj -9.9269 -1.3 td -0.005 tc -0.012 tw [(o)-5(f)-5( )-5(n)-5(a)-5(t)-5(u)-5(r)12(e)-5( )-5(s)-4(uch as \322mother earth\323 but only within popular envir)16(onmental-)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (learning,)tj 4.7378 0 td (ma)tj 1.3789 0 td (gic,)tj 1.9604 0 td (&)tj 0.9998 0 td (p)tj 0.6272 0 td [(olitics)-23857(209)]tj et q endstream endobj 14 0 obj << /length 4898 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.027 tc 0.009 tw [(ism. heller calls for a complete moratorium, which, i believe is too br)19(o)-1(a)-1(d)-1( )-1(a)-1(n)-1(d)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.012 tc -0.006 tw [(sweeping a demand that does not acknowledge cultural specificity)111(. several)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.019 tc 0.007 tw [(c)5(u)5(l)5(t)5(u)5(r)22(e)5(s)5( )5(have been using metaphors of, or similar t)1(o, \322mother earth\323 for too)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.011 tc -0.002 tw [(long to dismiss them as entir)18(ely sexist. i do agr)18(ee with heller however that)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(it is absur)18(d to perpetuate an idea of loving \322mother natur)17(e\323 when \322moth-)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.003 tc 0.122 tw [(e)1(r)18(hood in this cultur)18(e)1( )1(i)1(s)1( )1(o)1(p)1(p)1(r)19(essive, devalued, and even despised\323 \(p.)]tj t* -0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(232\). envir)18(onmental education then, must pr)18(oblematize dominant images)]tj t* 0 tc 0.03 tw [(of the earth as feminine and pr)18(event ideologies of saving \322her)74(,\323 saving a)]tj t* 0.031 tw [(feminine natur)17(e to pr)18(evail. envir)18(onmental education would be better of)17(f)]tj t* -0.014 tc 0.001 tw [(incorporating social issues into its mandate and working in the str)8(uggle for)]tj t* 0.004 tc 0.121 tw (women\325s liberation. this could be done by incorporating an advocacy)tj t* 0 tc 0.011 tw [(appr)17(oach to envir)18(onmental education, using feminist and envir)18(onmental)]tj t* -0.002 tw [(justice issues as a basis in which to engage in action rather than r)18(omance. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.014 tc 0 tw (envir)tj 2.49422 0 td 0.111 tw [(onmental education has in some ways alr)19(eady incorporated)]tj -4.29422 -1.3 td -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(aspects of \322spirituality\323 into its pedagogy)110(. this has often been done thr)18(ough)]tj t* 0 tc 0.041 tw [(the unconscious use of mother earth imagery and r)18(omanticizing natur)18(e.)]tj t* -0.02 tc 0.008 tw [(this type of eco-spirituality can be pr)17(oblematic, especially fr)18(om a politicized)]tj t* -0.018 tc 0.006 tw [(ecofeminist perspective. mor)18(e traditional forms of envir)18(onmental education)]tj t* 0 tc 0.02 tw [(on the other hand tend to tr)17(eat the earth as dead matter to be quantified,)]tj t* 0.019 tw [(contr)18(olled, and manipulated. finding a place between these poles on the)]tj t* 0 tw (continuum then, could be pr)tj 12.58032 0 td (omising.)tj -10.78032 -1.3 td -0.011 tc -0.002 tw (the spirituality i see as working for the benefit of a politicized ecofem-)tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.021 tc 0.009 tw [(inist envir)18(onmental education is one that not only sees the earth as alive and)]tj t* 0.003 tc 0.122 tw (dynamic but is also a spirituality that focuses on the ability to change)tj t* -0.019 tc 0.006 tw [(ener)17(gy (consciousness) and perform magic. spirituality that focuses on both)]tj t* 0 tc 0.069 tw [(individual and community)111(, as well as agency and context, is one that is)]tj t* -0.011 tw (political. wher)tj 6.50608 0 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.71772 0 td 0 tc (ecofeminism has tended to be split between political and)tj -7.2238 -1.3 td -0.002 tc -0.01 tw (spiritual orientations, political magic may be one attempt to heal the divi)tj 31.86737 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.86737 -1.3 td -0.018 tc 0.005 tw [(sions as well as critically and thoughtfully engage in an envir)17(onmental edu-)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (cation that incorporates learning, magic, and politics. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 220.6735 178.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (notes)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 73 158.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 78.898 154.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.04 tw [(for some of what has been written on ecofeminism and envir)18(onmental)]tj -0.5898 -1.3 td -0.003 tc -0.009 tw (education, see c.l. russell and )tj 13.76723 0 td [(a.c. bell (1996), )37(a.c. bell and c.l. russell)]tj -13.76723 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0 tw [((1999), l. fawcett, d. marino, r. raglon (1991) and g. di chir)18(o (1987).)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 73 110.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 79.0779 106.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.058 tw (much has been written on deep ecology)tj 17.85384 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.55763 0 td 0 tc (see b. devall and g. sessions)tj -19.0193 -1.3 td 0.007 tw [((1985), w)92(. fox (1990), )36(a. n\276ss (1989), r. nash (1982) to get a sampling of)]tj t* 0 tw (deep ecological theory)tj 9.82788 0.00001 td (.)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (210)tj 31.45528 0.00001 td (kimberle)tj 4.26319 0.00001 td -0.0002 tc (y)tj 0.83366 0 td 0 tc (fr)tj 1.0096 0.00001 td (y)tj et q endstream endobj 15 0 obj << /length 5239 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 37 589.671 tm 0 0 0 1 k (3)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 42.624 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.012 tw [(star)18(hawk (1990) is a well known ecofeminist and w)55(itch who has been a)]tj -0.5624 -1.30001 td -0.015 tc 0.002 tw (pioneer in the feminist spirituality movement as well as in the anti-nuclear)tj 0 -1.3 td -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(str)8(uggle. star)17(hawk has been cr)7(ucial, both as a scholar and as an activist, in)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0 tw (bringing together spirituality and politics.)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 37 527.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (4)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 41.9619 523.671 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 tc -0.005 tw [(af)18(finity gr)17(oups ar)18(e used in lar)17(ge scale demonstrations to foster a sense of)]tj -0.49619 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.068 tw [(gr)17(oup kinship as well as to aid in an open, democratic decision making)]tj t* 0 tw [(pr)17(ocess.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 6 0 0 6 37 478.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (5)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 42.3488 474.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.004 tc -0.008 tw [(steve van matr)18(e (1972) is adamant about distinguishing earth education)]tj -0.53488 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (fr)tj 0.70972 0 td 0.001 tw [(om envir)18(onmental education. earth education is center)18(ed on principles)]tj -0.70972 -1.3 td -0.005 tc -0.007 tw (found in deep ecology and tends to be positioned as the \322deep\323 answer to)tj t* -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(mainstr)18(eam \322shallow\323 envir)18(onmental education. i have decided to take as)]tj t* -0.002 tc 0 tw (br)tj 0.92731 0 td -0.001 tc -0.011 tw [(oad as possible a definition of envir)18(onmental education which includes)]tj -0.92731 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (earth education. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 152.4604 377.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (acknowledgements)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 353.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0131 tc (i)tj 0.56124 0 td -0.013 tc 0.001 tw [(would like to extend my most sincer)18(e thanks to leesa fawcett, my under-)]tj -0.56124 -1.3 td 0 tc -0.005 tw [(graduate thesis supervisor and ecofeminist extraor)18(dinair)18(e. leesa is lar)18(ge)-1(-)]tj t* 0.02 tc 0.373 tw [(ly r)17(esponsible for encouraging me to combine ecofeminism and)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (envir)tj 2.29321 0 td 0.063 tw (onmental education and her comments and suggestions have been)tj -2.29321 -1.3 td 0.018 tw (invaluable. i am als)tj 8.64052 0 td -0.0051 tc (o)tj 0.80329 0 td -0.005 tc (thankful to cate sandilands for encouragement and)tj -9.44381 -1.3 td -0.015 tc -0.002 tw (intellectual support and connie russell for her enthusiasm about my work. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 149.1279 255.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (notes on contributor)tj -11.21279 -2.38 td 0.013 tw (kimberley fry)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 106.1537 231.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.013 tw (is curr)tj 2.79631 0 td (ently pursuing a masters degr)tj 13.5185 0 td (ee in envir)tj 4.78207 0 td 0 tw (onmental)tj -28.01225 -1.30001 td -0.023 tc 0.01 tw [(studies at )18(y)91(ork university)111(. this paper emer)18(ged form her under)18(graduate the)-1(-)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.009 tc -0.003 tw (sis entitled pedagogy as resistance: mapping out a politicized ecofeminist)tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (envir)tj 2.42529 0 td 0.017 tw (onmental education. kimberley now focuses on ecological political)tj -2.42529 -1.3 td 0 tw (theory and continues to work as an educator and activist.)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 173.0085 145.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (references)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 37 123.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (bookchin, m. (1989). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 120.4126 123.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (remaking society)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 183.8125 123.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.49976 0 td 0 tc [(montr)18(eal: black rose books.)]tj -16.8123 -1.1667 td 0.007 tc 0.118 tw [(cor)18(coran, p)129(. & sievers, e. (1994). reconceptualizing envir)18(onmental education:)]tj 2 -1.1667 td 0 tc 0 tw (five possibilities. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 125.8311 102.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(journal of envir)18(onmental education)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 258.0515 102.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 262.5515 102.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (25)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 271.5515 102.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((4), 4-8.)tj -26.0613 -1.1667 td 0.005 tw (devall, b. & sessions, g. (1985). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 164.7216 92.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.005 tw [(deep ecology: living as if natur)18(e matter)17(ed)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 318.0722 92.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.50504 0 td 0 tc 0.005 tw (salt lake)tj -29.7353 -1.1667 td 0 tw (city: gibb m smiths inc.)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.91 324 11.858 re f 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (learning,)tj 4.7378 0 td (ma)tj 1.3789 0 td (gic,)tj 1.9604 0 td (&)tj 0.9998 0 td (p)tj 0.6272 0 td [(olitics)-23857(211)]tj et q endstream endobj 16 0 obj << /length 9909 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 73 586.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.012 tc 0.113 tw [(di chir)18(o, g. (1987). envir)17(onmental education and the question of gender: a)]tj 2 -1.16667 td -0.014 tc 0.002 tw (feminist critique. in i. robottom (ed.), )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 241.1396 575.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.014 tc 0.002 tw [(envir)18(onmental education: practice and pos)-1(-)]tj -16.68218 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (sibility)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 118.4131 565.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k [((pp. 23-48). v)54(ictoria: deakin university pr)18(ess.)]tj -5.0459 -1.16667 td (eaton, h. (1995). ecofeminist spiritualities. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 244.4526 554.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (alternatives)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 289.4394 554.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 293.9394 554.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (21)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 302.9394 554.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((2), 29-31.)tj -25.54882 -1.16667 td -0.007 tw [(eller)74(, c. (1995). )37(af)17(finities and appr)18(opriations. in )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 264.9597 544.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tw (living in the lap of the goddess. the)tj -19.32886 -1.16667 td 0 tw (feminist spirituality movement in america)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 248.3945 533.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k [((pp.62-82). boston: beacon pr)18(ess. )]tj -19.48828 -1.16667 td 0.065 tw [(fox, w)92(. (1990). )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 134.9742 523.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.065 tw [(t)111(oward a transpersonal ecology: developing new foundations for envi-)]tj -4.88602 -1.16667 td 0 tw [(r)18(onmentalism)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 141.3328 512.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.49984 0 td 0 tc (boston: shambhala)tj -8.09237 -1.16667 td -0.007 tc -0.005 tw [(gaar)17(d, g. (1993). ecofeminism and native )38(american cultur)18(es: pushing the limits of)]tj 2 -1.16667 td -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(cultural imperialism. in g. gaar)18(d (ed.), )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 248.4076 491.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(ecofeminism: w)20(omen, animals & natur)18(e)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 91 481.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k [((pp. 295-313). philadelphia: t)92(emple university pr)17(ess.)]tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.008 tc -0.005 tw [(gaar)17(d, g. (1998). )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 140.7412 470.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 tc -0.005 tw [(ecological politics: ecofeminists and the gr)19(eens)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 307.6694 470.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0078 tc (.)tj 0.47957 0 td -0.008 tc -0.005 tw [(philadelphia: t)92(emple)]tj -24.55395 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw [(university pr)18(ess.)]tj -2 -1.16667 td (gottlieb, r. s. (1996). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 157.8914 449.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(this sacr)17(ed earth)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 219.3774 449.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.49983 0 td 0 tc [(ny)74(: routledge.)]tj -16.76399 -1.16667 td -0.014 tc -0.035 tw [(gough, a. )-36((1997). )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 142.3861 439.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.014 tc 0.001 tw [(education and the envir)17(onment: policy)38(, tr)17(ends and the pr)17(oblems of mar)1(-)]tj -5.70957 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (ginalization)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 134.4817 428.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.49971 0 td 0 tc [(melbourne: )37(australian council for educational resear)18(ch.)]tj -7.33101 -1.16667 td -0.004 tc -0.008 tw [(heller)74(, c. (1993). for the love of natur)17(e: ecology and the cult of the r)17(omantic. in g)1(.)]tj 2 -1.16667 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(gaar)17(d (ed.), )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 141.2415 407.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(ecofeminism: w)20(omen, animals & natur)18(e)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 289.4361 407.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.01 tw ((pp. 219-241) philadelphia:)tj -22.04845 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw [(t)92(emple university pr)18(ess.)]tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.017 tc (king, )tj 2.54177 0 td 0 tc (y)tj 0.53971 0 td -0.0166 tc (.)tj 0.47084 0 td -0.017 tc 0.004 tw [((1994). feminism and the r)18(evolt of natur)17(e. in c. mer)18(chant (ed.), )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 349.634 386.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.016 tc (ecology)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 379.3858 386.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.017 tc (\(pp.)tj -32.04287 -1.16667 td 0 tc [(198-206\). new jersey: humanities pr)18(ess.)]tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.01 tc -0.039 tw [(n\276ss, a. )-37((1989). )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 137.4775 365.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.01 tc -0.002 tw [(ecology)37(, community and lifestyle)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 254.9831 365.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0102 tc (.)tj 0.47716 0 td -0.01 tc -0.002 tw (cambridge: cambridge university)tj -18.69751 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (pr)tj 0.98071 0 td (ess.)tj -2.98071 -1.16667 td -0.02 tc 0.008 tw (nash, r. (1982). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 9 0 0 9 134.6405 344.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.02 tc 0.008 tw [(w)20(ilderness and the american mind)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 257.5664 344.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0203 tc (.)tj 0.46705 0 td -0.02 tc 0.008 tw [(new haven: )18(y)92(ale university pr)17(ess.)]tj -20.97443 -1.16667 td -0.025 tc 0.012 tw [(robottom, i. 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