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acceptance by the science)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (community and a sense of ownership by the participating countries.)tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.119 tw (as alr)tj 2.73875 0 td [(eady noted, the inter)17(governmental panel on climate change)]tj -4.53875 -1.3 td 0.02 tc 0.198 tw [(pr)17(ocess has been thor)18(oughly criticized by a number of contrarians)]tj t* 0 tc 0.073 tw [(\(boehmer)18(-christiansen, 1996; de fr)18(eitas, 1999; seitz, 1996; singer)73(, 1998\).)]tj t* -0.001 tw [(some ar)18(gue that it failed to adequately pay attention to those skeptical of)]tj t* 0.028 tw (the risks of climate change, or that it has a hidden agenda of stimulating)tj t* 0.013 tc 0.112 tw [(incr)18(eased funding for science r)18(esear)18(ch, not envir)18(onmental pr)17(otection.)]tj t* 0 tc 0.04 tw [(ther)18(e ar)17(e also warnings that, in its ef)18(fort to seek consensus amongst sci)1(-)]tj t* 0.006 tw (entists, it stifles the adversarial debates upon which the scientific pr)tj 29.88386 0 td 0 tw (ocess)tj -29.88386 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such assessments ar)19(e focused mor)19(e on the pos-)]tj t* 0.02 tc 0.242 tw (sible climate change scenarios for the r)tj 19.26636 0.00001 td (egion in question, and the)tj -19.2664 -1.3 td -0.009 tc -0.004 tw (implications for impacts on r)tj 12.444 0.00001 td (egional ecosystems and socio-economic infra)tj 19.42327 0.00001 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.8673 -1.3 td -0.01 tc -0.002 tw [(str)8(uctur)17(es. the pr)18(ocess of pr)18(eparing national assessments further develops)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.974 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.7309 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 tc (16)tj 18.43526 0.00001 td 0 tc [(gor)20(don a.)-239(mcbean &)-278(henr)-10(y g.)-238(heng)-10(e)15(veld)]tj et q endstream endobj 12 0 obj << /length 4833 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.022 tc 0.01 tw (domestic expertise that becomes 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not policy pr)18(escriptive, but do help policy makers to understand)]tj t* -0.018 tc 0.005 tw (some of the complexities of the r)tj 13.76311 0 td (elated risk management challenge \(alcamo)tj -13.76311 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(et al., 1996; parry)110(, carter)74(, & hulme, 1996; rotmans & v)92(an )37(asselt, 1997\).)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.07 tw [(w)55(ithin a democratic society)111(, however)74(, policy makers ar)18(e very much)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.005 tc 0.12 tw (influenced and constrained by public opinion. those who fail to heed)tj t* 0 tc 0.066 tw [(public concerns about issues soon lose public of)19(fice. on the other hand,)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.008 tw [(those who try to implement risk mitigation pr)17(ograms without public sup-)]tj t* 0.009 tc 0.116 tw (port seldom succeed in r)tj 11.51608 0 td (ealizing their goals \(mor)tj 11.40554 0 td (gan & dowlatabadi,)tj -22.92162 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.027 tw (1996\). recent opinion polls indicate that, to the canadian public, climate)tj t* -0.018 tc 0.005 tw [(change is not a major concern. these polls also show that canadians ar)20(e not)]tj t* -0.025 tc 0.012 tw (well informed about the risks of climate change, that they do not understand)tj t* 0 tc 0.03 tw (the dif)tj 2.88269 0 td 0 tw (fer)tj 1.18848 0 td 0.03 tw (ence between climate change and other concerns such as ozone)tj -4.07117 -1.30001 td 0.006 tc 0.119 tw (depletion, and that they believe that the science about climate change)tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(r)18(emains very uncertain and inconclusive. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.036 tw [(ther)18(e ar)17(e thr)18(ee primary mechanisms by which the public \(including)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tw (世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \) obtains its information on climate change:)tj 0 -2.6 td tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 91 117.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tc -0.006 tw (the public information media)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 207.9503 117.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0067 tc (.)tj 0.48073 0 td -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(journalism is a pr)18(ocess of 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backgr)17(ound information and seek to pr)18(ovide balanced)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.001 tc 0.123 tw [(assessments of the information they ar)18(e communicating. however)74(,)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(many of the journalists who cover science stories have no backgr)19(ound)]tj t* 0 tc 0.03 tw [(in science, and ther)18(e is a serious lack of competent science r)19(eporters.)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.011 tc -0.001 tw [(furthermor)17(e, journalists, columnists and headline editors often seek to)]tj t* -0.002 tw [(dramatize r)18(eports in or)18(der to attract the r)17(eaders\325 attention and inter)17(est.)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(t)91(o do so, such r)19(eports fr)18(equently seek out contr)17(oversy and dissent by)]tj t* -0.009 tc -0.004 tw [(citing contrarians fr)18(om both polarities of the debate, rather than focus)-1(-)]tj t* -0.013 tc 0 tw [(ing on the less contr)18(oversial views of the br)18(oader scientific community)111(,)]tj t* -0.018 tc 0.005 tw (or on points of consensus. 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assumption that the audience is cognizant of the)tj t* -0.024 tc 0.011 tw [(context of the debate is no longer applicable, and any points of disagr)17(eement)]tj t* -0.016 tc 0.003 tw [(must be put into context. )36(at this point, the discussion should focus on what)]tj t* -0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(the community can agr)18(ee upon, and pr)17(esent the points of disagr)18(eement in)]tj -0.011 tc (a)' 0.72637 0 td -0.002 tw (non-adversarial manner)tj 10.34692 0 td (.)tj 0.47638 0 td (in fact, continuation of the adversarial spirit can)tj -11.54967 -1.3 td 0.004 tc 0 tw (pr)tj 0.98611 0 td 0.121 tw (ovide incentives to parties to the debate to tr)tj 20.79186 0 td (uncate the information)tj -21.77797 -1.30001 td -0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(they pr)17(esent in or)18(der to support certain ar)17(guments, hence inappr)18(opriately)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.098 tw (polarizing the debate and obscuring the collective knowledge available)tj t* 0 tw ((pate-cornell, 1996). )tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.013 tc 0.107 tw [(however)74(, despite these concerns, journalists often place scientific)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.014 tc -0.004 tw (debates within public fora wher)tj 13.65668 0 td -0.0141 tc (e)tj 0.69729 0 td -0.014 tc (the adversarial aspect of the debate is nei)tj 17.51319 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.86716 -1.3 td -0.009 tc -0.009 tw (ther understood nor put into context. this tendency is encouraged both by)tj t* -0.005 tc 0.005 tw [(the r)17(eady public access to scientific journals and individual scientists, and)]tj t* 0.093 tw [(the journalistic inter)17(est in pr)18(esenting contr)17(oversy rather than consensus.)]tj t* 0.023 tw [(appeals to polarized viewpoints within scientific debates further misr)18(ep)-1(-)]tj 0 tc (r)' 0.37196 0.00001 td -0.005 tc 0.021 tw (esents the available information, and often places equal cr)tj 25.41485 0.00001 td (edibility to the)tj -25.7868 -1.3 td -0.007 tc -0.011 tw [(views of non-experts, pseudo-experts and experts. such media r)19(eports fr)17(e-)]tj t* -0.005 tc 0.002 tw [(quently include incorr)18(ect scientific information, or perpetuate incorr)17(ect or)]tj t* -0.007 tw [(out-dated per)18(ceptions. even mor)18(e pr)17(oblematic ar)18(e the opinion columns in)]tj t* -0.017 tc 0 tw [(journals that often exclusively r)17(e)1(p)1(r)19(esent the polarized views of n)-4(o)-4(n)-4(-)-4(e)-4(x)-4(p)-4(e)-4(r)-4(t)-4(s)-4(.)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.974 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.7309 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 tc (18)tj 18.43527 0.00001 td 0 tc [(gor)20(don a.)-239(mcbean &)-278(henr)-10(y g.)-238(heng)-10(e)15(veld)]tj et q endstream endobj 14 0 obj << /length 4970 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 91 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 tw (hence, while the public media is a vital link in scientific communica-)tj -1.8 -1.30001 td 0 tw (tion to lay audiences, it also contributes to public confusion.)tj 0 -2.66562 td tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 91 546.0147 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.015 tc 0.002 tw (the internet)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 139.5298 546.0147 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0146 tc (.)tj 0.47285 0 td -0.015 tc 0.002 tw [(w)55(ith the advent of cyberspace and the internet, a vast new)]tj -5.32583 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.03 tw [(sour)18(ce of information, including climate change science, has become)]tj t* -0.023 tc 0.011 tw [(available to a significant sector of the general public. most r)17(esear)18(ch insti-)]tj t* 0.003 tc 0.122 tw [(tutions now include web sites r)18(eplete with information on climate)]tj t* 0.006 tc 0.119 tw [(model r)18(esults, climate tr)18(ends, pr)18(ojected impacts of climate change)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(and other valuable data. resear)18(ch scientists now fr)18(e)1(q)1(u)1(e)1(n)1(t)1(l)1(y)1( )1(p)1(o)1(s)1(t)1( )1(t)1(h)1(e)1(i)1(r)]tj t* -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(r)18(esear)18(ch papers which have been r)17(ecently published in peer)17(-r)18(eviewed)]tj t* 0 tc 0.023 tw (science journals on their own individual web sites, and some appear)tj t* -0.004 tw [(r)18(eady to shar)18(e their data dir)17(ectly with inter)17(ested users. hence, cyber)1(-)]tj t* 0.007 tc 0.118 tw [(space has become a r)18(emarkable sour)18(ce of up-to-date and accurate)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(information, with unpr)17(ecedented accessibility to lay audiences.)]tj 0 -2.66562 td -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(unfortunately)110(, the internet has also become the means by which non-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.02 tc 0.185 tw [(experts pr)17(omote their polarized views or foster the pr)18(opagation of)]tj t* 0 tc 0.042 tw [(misinformation to pr)18(otect vested inter)17(ests. such views can r)19(elate to both)]tj t* 0.008 tw (exaggerated claims of pending disaster or denial of any need for concern)tj t* -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(about climate change. many of these sites ar)18(e well designed and attractive)]tj t* -0.018 tc 0.005 tw [(to visit, but pr)17(ovide no cr)18(edentials as to the author)-74(\325s expertise or r)18(ole, if any)111(,)]tj t* 0 tc 0.009 tw [(within the r)17(esear)18(ch community)111(. furthermor)17(e, while the medical commu)1(-)]tj t* -0.025 tc 0.012 tw (nity has now undertaken ef)tj 11.54077 0 td -0.024 tc [(f)1(o)1(r)1(t)1(s)1( )1(t)1(o)1( )1(p)1(r)19(ovide ethical standar)18(ds to websites that)]tj -11.54077 -1.3 td -0.015 tc 0.002 tw (deal with health issues (health on the net foundation, 2000), ther)tj 28.1107 0 td -0.0146 tc (e)tj 0.70181 0 td -0.015 tc (is as yet)tj -28.81251 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.003 tw (no such pr)tj 4.66403 0 td (ocess for developing standar)tj 12.66767 0 td (ds for websites r)tj 7.25336 0 td (elating to climate)tj -24.58506 -1.30001 td 0 tw (change science.)tj 0 -2.66563 td tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 91 232.7022 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.02 tc 0.007 tw (the educator)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 140.8242 232.7022 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0196 tc (.)tj 0.43099 0 td 0 tc (a)tj 0.94076 0 td (r)tj 0.35732 0 td -0.02 tc (ecent )tj 2.41152 0 td 0.007 tw (american survey of high school 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 suggests)tj -9.12301 -1.30001 td 0.015 tc 0.11 tw [(that most 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 ar)18(e poorly informed on the science of climate)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.01 tc 0.115 tw [(change. much of their information is based on media r)19(eports. )17(y)92(e)1(t)]tj t* 0 tc -0.007 tw (these 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 also indicated that they place considerable tr)tj 26.19753 0 td (ust in sci-)tj -26.19753 -1.3 td -0.014 tc 0.002 tw [(entists and educators as a sour)19(ce of information \(adams, 1999; gowda,)]tj t* 0 tc -0.012 tw [(fox, & magelky)110(, 1997\). since few 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 have dir)19(ect access to scien-)]tj t* -0.005 tw [(tists, this underlines the important r)17(ole of the educator within formal)]tj t* -0.018 tc 0.005 tw (institutions of learning in communicating the science of climate change. )tj 0 -2.6 td 0 tc 0 tw (however)tj 4.05493 -0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (,)tj 0.56871 0 td 0 tc 0.069 tw (most educators within elementary and secondary schools)tj -6.4236 -1.3 td -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(have limited access to peer)18(-r)18(eviewed scientific literatur)17(e or curr)18(ent science)]tj t* 0 tc 0.017 tw (assessment r)tj 5.5878 0.00001 td [(eports. most r)18(ely on course curriculum material and on pr)18(e)1(-)]tj -5.5878 -1.3 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(scribed textbooks that ar)17(e often out-of-date with r)17(espect to the curr)18(ent)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.91 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6667 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(comm)20(unicating the science of climate chang)-10(e )-14295(19)]tj et q endstream endobj 15 0 obj << /length 4878 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 tc 0.119 tw [(science portrayed in media articles and other communication sour)19(ces.)]tj 0 -1.30001 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-0.004 tw [(impr)18(oved. first, educators within institutions of higher learning, in addi)-1(-)]tj t* -0.009 tc -0.003 tw [(tion to teaching futur)17(e scientists in the \322scientific method,\323 need to r)18(emind)]tj t* -0.017 tc 0.004 tw (世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 of the r)tj 6.8994 0 td -0.016 tc (esponsibilities of the science community within society and)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.974 324 11.858 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.7309 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 tc (20)tj 18.43526 0.00001 td 0 tc [(gor)20(don a.)-239(mcbean &)-278(henr)-10(y g.)-238(heng)-10(e)15(veld)]tj et q endstream endobj 16 0 obj << /length 4835 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(train them to communicate science ef)18(fectively to lay audiences. some uni)1(-)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0.01 tc 0.115 tw [(versities now of)18(fer such 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r)18(educed budgets and incr)18(eased)]tj 0 -1.3 td (workloads, educators have a formidable challenge in pr)tj 24.31354 0 td (esenting their stu)tj 7.55374 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.86728 -1.3 td 0.006 tc 0.119 tw (dents with curr)tj 7.1036 0 td (ent and balanced information on envir)tj 17.8081 0 td (onmental issues)tj -24.9117 -1.30001 td 0.009 tc 0.116 tw [(such as climate change. information in appr)18(oved textbooks is usually)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.024 tw [(dated, and time constraints and inadequate access to mor)19(e curr)18(ent infor)-1(-)]tj t* 0.004 tc 0.121 tw [(mation often limit the opportunities to impr)17(ove this information base.)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.008 tw [(y)92(et, as noted, 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 look to educators and scientists as the most tr)9(usted)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (sour)tj 1.94946 0 td -0.002 tw (ces of information. if these sour)tj 13.89643 0 td (ces ar)tj 2.47137 0 td -0.0002 tc (e)tj 0.72666 0 td 0 tc (inadequate, they often turn to)tj -19.04392 -1.30001 td -0.009 tc -0.004 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community)112(, and hence)]tj t* 0 tc 0.073 tw (has a polarized perspective. thus contrarians include both skeptics and)tj t* 0 tw (doomsayers.)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 188.4604 349.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (acknowledgements)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 325.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 tc 0.119 tw [(the authors would like to thank skid cr)18(ease \(y)91(ork university\), l)55(ydia)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.008 tc -0.004 tw (dotto \(science writer/author\), elizabeth bush \(msc\), david lunn \(seeds)tj t* 0 tc 0.076 tw (foundation\), and doug whelpdale \(msc\) for their helpful insights and)tj t* 0 tw (comments during the pr)tj 10.7168 0 td (eparation of this paper:)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 10 0 0 10 182.9087 252.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (notes on contributors)tj -10.99087 -2.38 td 0.02 tc 0.511 tw (gordon a. mcbean)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 182.268 228.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.02 tc 0.511 tw [(became )37(assistant deputy minister of 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