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phe-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.017 tw [(nomena in their classr)18(ooms and try to eliminate student misconceptions.)]tj t* -0.014 tc 0.001 tw (several studies done by boyes and associates in england between 1992 and)tj t* 0.006 tc 0.119 tw [(1996 with 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 at dif)18(fer)17(ent educational levels, have supported the)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(national science education standar)18(ds document\325s ar)19(gument. these stud-)]tj t* 0.002 tc 0.123 tw (ies suggest that the persistence of misconceptions may r)tj 25.76636 0 td (esult in an ill-)tj -25.76636 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.082 tw [(informed citizenry with a r)18(educed possibility of appr)17(opriate pr)18(eventive)]tj t* -0.023 tc 0.01 tw [(actions by these citizens (boyes et al., 1995). despite the sever)17(e potential con-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.028 tw [(sequences of acid rain, gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect, and ozone depletion on life on)]tj t* 0.01 tc 0.115 tw [(earth, very little r)17(esear)18(ch has been done to determine student under-)]tj t* 0 tc 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questionnair)tj 15.00065 0 td (e. both quantitative and qualitative data)tj -15.35356 -1.3 td -0.008 tc 0 tw (ar)tj 0.86221 0 td -0.0076 tc (e)tj 0.70864 0 td -0.008 tc (pr)tj 0.96329 0 td -0.007 tc -0.005 tw (esented in this section. the quantitative data consist of 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 cat)tj 29.33313 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.86727 -1.30001 td -0.003 tc -0.009 tw (egorical selections to each of the thr)tj 15.53949 0 td [(ee r)18(esponses in the survey statements:)]tj -15.53949 -1.3 td 0.006 tc 0 tw tj 1.0878 0 td 0.119 tw [(es,\323 \323no,\323 or \323don\325t know)92(.\323 the qualitative data ar)18(e based on stu-)]tj -1.0878 -1.3 td -0.016 tc 0.003 tw [(dents\325 written r)18(esponses in which they explained their categorical selection.)]tj t* 0.006 tc 0.118 tw [(for the sake of analysis, i have pr)18(esented sample statements with the)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(highest fr)17(equency of r)18(esponses, corr)18(ect and incorr)18(ect, in each category: the)]tj t* -0.004 tc 0 tw (gr)tj 0.9257 0 td -0.009 tw [(eenhouse ef)18(fect, ozone depletion and acid rain. responses to the survey)]tj -0.9257 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(statements ar)18(e discussed separately for each statement. )]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pre-ser)tj 3.4551 0 td (vice )tj 2.1235 0 td (t)tj 0.55102 0.00001 td (eac)tj 1.65796 0.00001 td (her)tj 1.54077 0.00001 td [<73d5>-198(misconceptions)-18535(105)]tj et q endstream endobj 8 0 obj << /length 6723 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(the gr)17(eenhouse effect)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 565.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.004 tc -0.008 tw [(t)92(able 1 pr)18(ovides the per)17(centage of 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 corr)18(e)1(c)1(t)1( )1(r)19(esponses to the state-)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc -0.006 tw [(ments r)18(egar)17(ding the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect. thr)18(ee statements with a high per)-1(-)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(centage of corr)18(ect r)17(esponses wer)19(e chosen for the analysis. the numbers in)]tj t* -0.009 tc -0.004 tw [(the first column r)18(epr)17(esent the numerical or)18(der of the statements in the sur-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.009 tw [(vey)110(. in the thir)18(d column, the numbers r)18(epr)17(esent the per)17(centage of corr)18(ect)]tj t* 0.005 tc 0.12 tw [(r)18(esponses. the qualitative r)18(esponses to these statements ar)18(e discussed)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(below)91(. )]tj 1.8 -16.9 td -0.02 tc 0.008 tw [(several 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 r)18(esponded corr)18(ectly to the second statement in the sur-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.017 tc 0.005 tw (vey \322co)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 74.2853 303.4909 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 79.5568 305.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.017 tc 0.005 tw [(is the most abundant gr)17(eenhouse gas.\323 in their r)18(esponses, the stu-)]tj -4.25568 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.038 tw (dents stated various sour)tj 11.22404 0 td (ces of co)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 192.2077 290.4909 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 198.0916 292.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pr)tj 0.97778 0 td 0.038 tw (oduction such as burning of fossil)tj -17.08694 -1.30001 td -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(fuels, r)18(espiration, and car exhausts. they mentioned that because of these)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.002 tc 0.123 tw [(p)1(r)18(oduction sour)18(ces, co)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 144.5125 264.4909 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 151.273 266.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.002 tc 0.123 tw [(is an abundant gr)17(eenhouse gas. the pr)18(obable)]tj -11.4273 -1.3 td -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(r)18(eason for these many corr)18(ect r)18(esponses is the influence of media. the r)18(ole)]tj t* 0 tc 0.009 tw (of co)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 63.3262 238.4909 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 68.917 240.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.009 tw [(is fr)18(equently discussed in both the electr)17(onic and the print media.)]tj -3.1917 -1.3 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw (that may be why people know mor)tj 15.64226 0 td -0.0027 tc (e)tj 0.71365 0 td -0.003 tc (about co)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 242.9785 225.4909 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 248.338 227.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.01 tw (as a gr)tj 2.81879 0 td (eenhouse gas. this)tj -23.95259 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.117 tw (fact was mentioned by thr)tj 11.99758 0 td (ee r)tj 1.70105 0 td (espondents. one of the r)tj 11.2571 0 td (espondents said)tj -24.95573 -1.30001 td -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(\322ther)17(e ar)18(e other gr)17(eenhouse gases, co)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 203.3329 199.4909 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 208.6682 201.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tc -0.006 tw (is the one i hear about the most, so)tj -17.16682 -1.3 td -0.0001 tc (i)tj 0.58928 0 td 0 tc 0.003 tw [(assume it is most abundant.\323 in their incorr)18(ect r)18(esponses 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 men-)]tj -0.58928 -1.3 td -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(tioned names of dif)18(f)1(e)1(r)19(ent gases as the abundant gr)17(eenhouse gases such as)]tj t* -0.008 tc -0.004 tw (carbon monoxide, oxygen, and nitr)tj 15.18273 0 td (ogen. other incorr)tj 7.95534 0 td -0.005 tw [(e)1(c)1(t)1( r)19(esponses )-1(includ-)]tj -23.13807 -1.30001 td 0 tc -0.007 tw (ed \32275% of the atmospher)tj 11.38408 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.72194 0 td 0 tc (is co)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 182.5866 147.4909 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 185.5866 149.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tw (,\323 \322plants use co)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 262.6157 147.4909 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 268.0475 149.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tw (to br)tj 2.04493 0.00001 td (eath like we use)tj -25.14968 -1.30001 td -0.016 tc 0.004 tw [(oxygen,\323 and \322this is the gas that plants give of)17(f and is good for us.\323 in fact,)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.011 tc -0.002 tw (even though carbon dioxide is the most abundant gr)tj 22.57325 0.00001 td (eenhouse gas, it is cer-)tj -22.5733 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(tainly not the most abundant gas in the atmospher)17(e. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.024 tc 0.011 tw [(in r)18(esponse to the sixth statement in the survey)110(, \322if the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.021 tc 0 tw (incr)tj 1.6111 0 td 0.008 tw (eases, the average temperatur)tj 12.56043 0.00001 td -0.0207 tc (e)tj 0.69569 0 td -0.021 tc (will rise,\323 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 gave both corr)tj 14.25669 0.00001 td (ect and)tj -29.124 -1.3 td 0.008 tc 0.117 tw [(incorr)18(ect explanations. the corr)18(ect r)17(espondents said that an incr)18(eased)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (106)tj 31.6423 0.00001 td 0 tc (t)tj 0.53101 0.00001 td (ahsin kahlid)tj et 0.667 w 0 0 0 1 k 37.587 366.235 322.325 107.614 re s 38.92 367.568 319.659 104.948 re s 1 w 39.343 455.87 m 358.797 455.87 l s 0.5 w 39.343 428.004 m 358.397 428.004 l s 39.33 399.341 m 358.29 399.341 l s q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 45.2776 462.6701 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(no)-9423(concepts)-10291(%)-249(corr)17(ect)]tj 0.36517 -1.99064 td [(02)-2600(co)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 99.878 440.7838 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 104.378 442.7637 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(is the most abundant gr)17(eenhouse gas.)-4034(46.90)]tj -5.52971 -2.60703 td [(06)-2600(if the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect incr)18(eases, the average )-2206(85.84)]tj 3.6 -1.21904 td [(temperatur)17(e will rise.)]tj -3.6 -1.8856 td [(09)-2600(the gr)18(eenhouse ef)17(fect will be r)18(eduec if we )-3780(45.13)]tj 3.6 -1.21904 td [(plant mor)18(e tr)17(ees.)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 74.3779 472.5005 m 74.3779 367.8415 l s 295.0246 472.5002 m 295.0246 367.9503 l s bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 48.9759 354.2643 tm [(t)92(able 1. elementary education major 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 understanding of the)]tj 3.85669 -1.21904 td [(gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect, per)17(centage of corr)18(ect r)18(esponses.)]tj et q endstream endobj 9 0 obj << /length 5791 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.123 tw [(gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect means mor)18(e heat will be trapped in the atmospher)17(e,)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(which will raise the global temperatur)17(e. the incorr)18(ect r)18(esponses indicated)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc -0.006 tw [(the pr)17(esence of several misconceptions among the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 . the majority)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0.037 tw [(of those misconceptions wer)19(e due to the confusion that either the gr)16(een-)]tj t* -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(house ef)18(fect is caused by ozone holes or vice versa. some of the r)19(espondents)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.104 tw [(said \322the ozone will get a bigger hole causing mor)18(e solar radiation on)]tj t* 0.068 tw [(earth,\323 \322ozone layer will be br)17(eaking down\323 which will r)18(esult in \322mor)17(e)]tj t* -0.011 tc -0.002 tw [(dir)18(ect sunlight.\323 t)89(wo 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 pr)18(ovided a similar statement that the gr)17(een-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.049 tw [(house ef)18(fect is due to the holes in the ozone, which allow mor)18(e uv rays)]tj t* -0.025 tc 0.012 tw [(fr)17(om the sun to get thr)18(ough causing temperatur)17(e to rise. thr)18(ee 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 gave)]tj t* 0 tc -0.001 tw [(somewhat dif)18(fer)18(ent explanations. one student said, \322that\325s what experts)]tj t* -0.013 tc 0.001 tw [(say)111(.\323 )37(another student said, \322that\325s what i have been told.\323 )37(another person)]tj t* 0 tc 0.088 tw [(said, \322i think i hear)18(d this somewher)18(e.\323 these wor)18(ds like \322experts\323 and)]tj t* 0 tw (\322somewher)tj 5.10278 0 td 0.068 tw [(e\323 imply the sour)18(ce of information is the media wher)18(e these)]tj -5.10278 -1.3 td 0 tw [(issues ar)18(e fr)18(equently discussed by the \322experts.\323)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 286.5718 407.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 91 390.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.01 tc 0.109 tw [(in r)18(esponse to the ninth statement \322the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect will be)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.02 tc -0.003 tw [(r)18(educed if we plant mor)18(e tr)17(ees,\323 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 displayed some misconceptions in)]tj t* -0.005 tc 0.12 tw [(their explanations. these misconceptions wer)18(e r)18(egar)17(ding the r)18(ole of the)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.008 tw [(tr)17(ees in r)18(educing the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect. for example, \322tr)18(ees absorb some of)]tj t* -0.018 tc -0.005 tw [(the toxic gas pr)17(oduced by gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect,\323 \322t)90(r)18(ees will put out mor)17(e o)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 381.2889 336.6909 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 386.4578 338.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.018 tc (to)tj -31.34578 -1.3 td -0.01 tc -0.003 tw (combat \(gr)tj 4.66448 0 td (eenhouse\) gases,\323 and \322tr)tj 11.02509 0 td (ees pr)tj 2.5465 0 td (ovide ozone rich nutrients.\323 the)tj -18.23607 -1.30001 td -0.011 tc -0.011 tw [(last explanation indicates the common misconception of r)19(e)1(l)1(a)1(t)1(i)1(n)1(g)1( )1(t)1(h)1(e)1( )1(g)1(r)18(e)1(e)1(n-)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.032 tc 0.01 tw [(house ef)18(fect and ozone depletion. the fact is that tr)18(ees and plants use up some)]tj t* -0.014 tc -0.008 tw (of the co)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 114.1584 284.6909 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 119.3485 286.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.014 tc -0.008 tw [(during photosynthesis and in this way they may help r)17(educe the)]tj -4.63485 -1.3 td -0.013 tc -0.01 tw [(gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect. however)74(, the tr)17(ees neither pr)18(ovide any ozone-rich nutri-)]tj t* -0.01 tc 0 tw [(ents nor r)18(elease combatant gases to fight against the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc (t)tj 0.49946 0 td -0.022 tc 0.009 tw (able 2 pr)tj 3.62452 0 td (ovides the per)tj 5.9746 0 td (centage of incorr)tj 7.02962 0 td (ect r)tj 1.77683 0 td [(esponses fr)18(om the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 )]tj -20.70503 -1.30002 td 0 tc (r)tj 0.37695 0 td 0 tw (egar)tj 1.91162 0 td 0.085 tw (ding the gr)tj 5.02842 0 td (eenhouse ef)tj 5.30094 0 td (fect. thr)tj 3.73772 0 td (ee statements with the highest per)tj 15.51158 0 td (-)tj -31.86723 -1.30002 td 0 tw [(centage of r)18(esponses wer)18(e selected for the analysis. )]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 0.667 w 72.337 98.865 323.333 106.812 re s 73.67 100.198 320.667 104.146 re s 1 w 73.348 187.688 m 393.802 187.688 l s 0.5 w 73.348 157.722 m 393.802 157.722 l s bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 79.6823 194.4881 tm 0 0 0 1 k (no)tj 10.8 0 td (concepts)tj 14.4 0 td (%)tj 1.08984 0 td (corr)tj 2.02661 0 td (ect)tj -27.95129 -1.98939 td [(04)-1787(the gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect is primarily the r)17(esult )-4422(63)]tj 2.78664 -1.21904 td [(of human activity)111(.)]tj -2.77147 -1.80066 td (05)tj 2.7864 0.00001 td [(holes in the ozone will incr)18(ease the gr)17(eenhouse)-3122(59)]tj 0 -1.21904 td [(ef)17(fect.)]tj -2.7864 -1.4742 td [(08)-1786(if the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect incr)17(eases, mor)19(e people)-3563(54)]tj 2.7864 -1.219 td [(will get skin cancer)74(.)]tj et 1 w 104.7253 203.8226 m 104.7253 100.2496 l s 327.4655 204.159 m 327.4655 100.8619 l s bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 83.7574 82.9966 tm [(t)92(able 2. elementary education major 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 understanding of the)]tj 3.4204 -1.219 td (gr)tj 0.93286 -0.00001 td [(eenhouse ef)18(fect, per)17(centage of incorr)18(ect r)18(esponses.)]tj et 0.5 w 73.503 127.719 m 394.069 127.719 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pre-ser)tj 3.4551 0 td (vice )tj 2.1235 0 td (t)tj 0.55102 0.00001 td (eac)tj 1.65796 0.00001 td (her)tj 1.54077 0.00001 td [<73d5>-198(misconceptions)-18535(107)]tj et q endstream endobj 10 0 obj << /length 5192 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 55 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.029 tw [(the r)18(esponses to the fourth statement, \322the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect is pri-)]tj -1.8 -1.30001 td -0.014 tc 0.001 tw [(marily the r)17(esult of human activity)111(,\323 indicate the influence of media on stu-)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.021 tc 0.008 tw [(dent thinking. for instance, one student blamed the media for pr)17(oviding the)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.027 tw [(incorr)18(ect information about the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect. the student said, \322we)]tj t* -0.015 tc 0.003 tw [(always hear about the negative ef)17(fects of the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect b/c it can be)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.002 tw [(detrimental. however)74(, prior to the human activity causing an over abun)-1(-)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.006 tw (dance of co)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 91.0279 505.6909 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 93.9873 507.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0069 tc (,)tj 0.48038 0 td -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect still existed.\323 student explanations for)]tj -6.17911 -1.3 td 0 tc -0.002 tw [(this statement displayed several misconceptions. the most common mis)2(-)]tj t* 0.073 tw [(conception was that human beings ar)17(e destr)18(oying the ozone and that is)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.008 tw [(causing the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect. this statement indicates a tendency among)]tj t* -0.011 tc -0.001 tw [(世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 to believe that ozone depletion is causing the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect or)]tj t* 0 tc 0.013 tw [(the incr)17(eased gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect is depleting ozone. many 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 incor-)]tj t* 0.039 tw [(r)18(ectly suggested that the human activities wer)17(e the primary cause of the)]tj t* -0.006 tc 0 tw (gr)tj 0.92128 0 td -0.007 tw [(eenhouse ef)18(fect. for instance, 12 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 mentioned that human beings)]tj -0.92128 -1.3 td -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(wer)18(e contributing to the pollution. others mentioned defor)16(estation, auto-)]tj t* -0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(mobiles and airplanes exhausts as the causes of the gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect. it is)]tj t* -0.011 tc -0.002 tw [(tr)7(ue that all of the above activities contribute towar)17(d the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect;)]tj t* -0.001 tw [(however)74(, none of them is the primary cause of the gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect, a nat)-1(-)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (ural phenomenon.)tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.007 tc -0.005 tw [(ther)18(e wer)17(e a few corr)18(ect r)18(esponses to the fifth statement \322holes in the)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.005 tc -0.007 tw (ozone will incr)tj 6.45846 0 td (ease the gr)tj 4.62824 0 td (eenhouse ef)tj 5.15084 0 td [(fect.\323 t)90(wo of the corr)18(ect r)17(espondents)]tj -16.23754 -1.30001 td -0.016 tc 0.004 tw [(said that the ozone pr)18(otects us fr)17(om harmful rays. one person said, \322i don\325t)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.004 tc 0.121 tw [(fully understand how the two ar)17(e connected.\323 on the other hand, the)]tj t* 0.009 tc 0.116 tw [(incorr)18(ect r)17(espondents displayed several misconceptions r)19(egar)18(ding the)]tj t* -0.009 tc -0.004 tw [(r)18(elationship between ozone depletion and the incr)17(eased gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect.)]tj t* -0.013 tc 0.001 tw (for example, nine 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 had a similar idea that hole in the ozone will let)tj t* -0.025 tc 0 tw (mor)tj 1.73109 0 td (e)tj 0.69133 0 td 0.012 tw (sunlight (solar radiation) in the earth atmospher)tj 20.12845 0 td (e. similarly)tj 4.60348 0 td (,)tj 0.46226 0 td 0 tw (thr)tj 1.21048 0 td 0.012 tw (ee other)tj -28.82709 -1.30001 td -0.005 tc -0.008 tw (世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 thought that the ozone holes allow gr)tj 20.27319 0 td (eenhouse gases to enter the)tj -20.27319 -1.30001 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(atmospher)18(e. thr)18(ee 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 mentioned that the ozone would not incr)18(ease)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.009 tc 0.115 tw [(the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect, the incr)18(eased gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect would incr)18(ease)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.012 tw (holes in the ozone. these statements r)tj 16.58563 0 td (eveal at least two major misconcep)tj 15.28138 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.86701 -1.30001 td -0.008 tc -0.004 tw [(tions among 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 . first, they think that either ozone depletion incr)17(eas-)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.054 tw [(es the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect or an incr)18(eased gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect will incr)17(eases)]tj t* -0.014 tc 0.002 tw [(holes in the ozone. second, the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 seem to have incorr)19(ect conceptions)]tj t* 0 tc 0.031 tw [(of the natur)17(e of the ozone and its depletion. when the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 used the)]tj t* -0.01 tw [(wor)18(d \322hole\323 and that rays and gases can get in thr)17(ough these holes in the)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.003 tw [(ozone, it seems like they think of hole(s) as r)8(uptur)17(es in a solid layer that let)]tj t* -0.024 tc 0.011 tw (sunrays and gases get thr)tj 10.65116 0.00001 td (ough. this was one of the common misconceptions)tj -10.6512 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (found among the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 .)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (108)tj 31.6423 0.00001 td 0 tc (t)tj 0.53101 0.00001 td (ahsin kahlid)tj et q endstream endobj 11 0 obj << /length 4703 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 91 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(responding to the eighth statement, \322if the gr)16(eenhouse ef)18(fect incr)18(eas-)]tj -1.8 -1.30001 td -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(es, mor)18(e people will get skin cancer)74(,\323 four corr)18(ect r)18(espondents mentioned)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.005 tc 0 tw [(t)-5(h)-5(a)-5(t)-5( )-5(s)-5(k)-5(i)-5(n)-5( )-5(c)-5(a)-5(n)-5(c)-5(e)-5(r)-5( )-5(i)-5(s)-5( )-5(c)-5(a)-5(u)-5(s)-5(ed by an incr)18(eased intensity of uv rays and not by)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0.007 tw [(the incr)17(eased gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect. one student explained, \322i don\325t think the)]tj t* -0.008 tc -0.009 tw [(g)1(r)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect will cause skin cancer)74(.\323 )37(another student said, \322skin can-)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.027 tc 0.009 tw [(cer is caused by exposur)18(e to sunlight not heat.\323 however)73(, many 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 dis-)]tj t* 0.004 tc 0.116 tw (played misconceptions in their explanations. for example, 12 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 )tj t* -0.005 tc 0.057 tw [(mentioned that the incr)17(eased gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect would cause holes in the)]tj t* -0.027 tc 0.01 tw [(ozone. these holes will let mor)19(e uv rays thr)17(ough the atmospher)18(e, which will)]tj t* -0.026 tc 0.008 tw [(incr)18(ease the incidence of skin cancer among people. t)90(wo 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 mentioned)]tj t* -0.03 tc 0.012 tw [(that, \322the earth\325s ozone will become less existent allowing mor)18(e harmful rays)]tj t* -0.006 tc -0.012 tw [(to enter the earth\325s atmospher)18(e.\323 four 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 said that t)-1(he radiation will)]tj t* -0.013 tc -0.005 tw [(be str)17(onger and ther)18(e will be less chance of avoiding the dir)18(ect sunlight. )36(all)]tj t* -0.005 tc 0.053 tw (these explanation indicate the incorr)tj 16.07212 0 td (ect conceptions among 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 that)tj -16.07212 -1.3 td 0 tw [(either gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect causes the ozone depletion or vice versa. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 376.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (ozone )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 356.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.024 tc 0.011 tw [(statements 13 thr)17(ough 22 of the survey pertained to ozone, its functions, and)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(its depletion in the atmospher)18(e. in t)92(able 3, however)73(, only four statements)]tj t* -0.015 tc 0.002 tw [(with the highest per)17(centages of corr)18(ect r)17(esponses have been selected for the)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (analysis.)tj 1.8 -19.5 td 0.002 tc 0.123 tw [(for statement 13, \322ozone in the atmospher)17(e is vital for life on the)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.125 tw [(earth,\323 several r)18(espondents displayed misconceptions in their explana-)]tj t* -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(tions. these misconceptions include, \322it (ozone) pr)19(otects fr)18(om too much sun)]tj t* 0.006 tc 0.119 tw [(rays coming thr)18(ough,\323 \322it (ozone) maintains temperatur)17(e, ensur)18(es life)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(and gr)18(owth,\323 \322w)54(ithout it (ozone) we will have too much sunlight and we)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 0.667 w 74.075 171.333 321.862 133.092 re s 75.408 172.667 319.196 130.425 re s bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 81.4378 291.8534 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0 tc 0 tw (no)tj 10.8 0 td (concepts)tj 14.4 0 td (%)tj 1.08985 0 td (corr)tj 2.02661 0 td (ect)tj -27.95129 -1.68942 td (13)tj 2.78663 0 td (ozone in the atmospher)tj 10.61817 0 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.72874 0 td (is)tj 0.9646 0 td 0 tc (vital for life on )tj 11.81277 0 td (96)tj -24.12427 -1.21905 td (the earth.)tj -2.77147 -1.80066 td (16)tj 2.7864 0 td (the ozone filters out uv light.)tj 24.28374 0 td (89)tj -27.12418 -2.13986 td (17)tj 2.7864 0 td (cfcs cause ozone destr)tj 10.47558 0 td (uction in the )tj 13.80815 0 td (76)tj -24.28373 -1.21905 td (atmospher)tj 4.71679 0 td (e.)tj -8.12299 -5.40783 td [(t)92(able 3. elementary education major 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 understanding of ozone)]tj 6.25256 -1.21904 td [(depletion, per)17(centage of corr)18(ect r)18(esponses.)]tj -5.61091 4.88029 td [(20)-1786(use of some household items causes )-7704(96)]tj 2.7864 -1.21904 td [(destr)8(uction of ozone.)]tj et 1 w 104.7974 303.0176 m 104.7974 172.8626 l s 326.9322 303.0175 m 326.9322 172.9355 l s 75.374 288.095 m 394.64 288.095 l s 0.5 w 75.241 259.447 m 394.21 259.447 l s 75.339 235.561 m 394.403 235.561 l s 75.339 205.306 m 394.306 205.306 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pre-ser)tj 3.4551 0 td (vice )tj 2.1235 0 td (t)tj 0.55102 0.00001 td (eac)tj 1.65796 0.00001 td (her)tj 1.54077 0.00001 td [<73d5>-198(misconceptions)-18535(109)]tj et q endstream endobj 12 0 obj << /length 5065 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.013 tw [(will die of heat str)18(oke,\323 \322it (ozone) helps the corr)17(ect amount of ener)18(gy to)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0.024 tw [(pass thr)18(ough the earth for plants to gr)17(ow and animals to live,\323 and \322the)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(ozone layer is kind of like the cell membrane.\323 it contr)18(ols what enters)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.029 tw [(and exits the atmospher)18(e.\323 )36(all of the above and other similar statements)]tj t* 0.003 tc 0.122 tw [(indicate 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 confusion in understanding the complex natur)18(e and)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(function of the ozone in the upper atmospher)18(e. the fact is that the stratos)-1(-)]tj t* -0.011 tc -0.001 tw [(pheric ozone does r)18(educe the intensity of harmful uv rays but has nothing)]tj t* [(to do with the temperatur)17(e)1( )1(r)19(egulation or contr)17(olling the ener)17(gy level or the)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.009 tw [(entrance or exit of \322chemicals\323 in the atmospher)18(e. this was mentioned by)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 who explained their r)17(esponses corr)19(ectly)110(.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.01 tw (no explanation was solicited for statement 16, \322ozone filters out uv)tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tw (light.\323 this statement was an elaboration of statement 13. )tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.013 tc 0.112 tw [(responses to statement 17, \322cfcs cause ozone destr)9(uction in the)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (atmospher)tj 4.7168 0 td 0.006 tw (e,\323 display the lack of student knowledge of this concept. this)tj -4.7168 -1.3 td 0.009 tc 0.116 tw [(factor was evident fr)18(om some of the r)18(esponses such as, \322i don\325t even)]tj t* -0.011 tc -0.001 tw [(know what cfcs ar)17(e,\323 and \322i have never hear)18(d of cfcs.\323 )37(another student)]tj t* -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(said, \322aer)18(osol cans which pr)19(oduces cfcs ar)18(e harmful to the ozone layer)74<2ed3>]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.006 tw (one student said that cfcs \322cause the ozone layer to dissolve.\323 in fact the)tj t* 0 tc -0.012 tw [(ozone molecules do not dissolve. ther)19(e is a chemical r)19(eaction involved in)]tj t* 0.006 tc 0.118 tw [(the br)17(eakdown of ozone that r)18(eleases oxygen molecules in the atmos-)]tj t* -0.004 tc 0 tw (pher)tj 2.02283 0 td -0.009 tw (e. many of the corr)tj 8.23072 0 td (ect r)tj 1.84749 0 td [(espondents gave the right explanation by say)-1(-)]tj -12.10104 -1.30001 td -0.017 tc 0.004 tw [(ing that the cfc molecules br)17(eakdown the ozone up in the atmospher)17(e. no)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.005 tc -0.007 tw [(one, however)74(, mentioned chlorine in the cfc molecule, which is the main)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(culprit in the ozone destr)8(uction.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.008 tc 0.068 tw [(in statement 20, \322use of some household items causes destr)10(uction of)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.031 tc 0.011 tw [(ozone,\323 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 wer)18(e asked to write the names of some household items that)]tj t* -0.028 tc 0.008 tw (may cause ozone depletion. many of the r)tj 17.41981 0 td (espondents (about 50%) mentioned)tj -17.41981 -1.3 td -0.021 tc 0.001 tw (spray pumps that contain cfc)tj 12.98298 0 td -0.018 tc (s. seven r)tj 3.99796 0 td -0.019 tc (espondents mentioned r)tj 10.30412 0 td 0 tw (efrigerators)tj -27.28506 -1.30001 td 0.002 tc 0.117 tw [(and coolants that contain cfcs. the incorr)18(ect names of the household)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.005 tc -0.007 tw (items mentioned by 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 include ammonia, cleaners, and deodorants.)tj t* 0.004 tc 0.115 tw (世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 mentioned ammonia pr)tj 15.0418 0 td (obably because it is used in domestic)tj -15.0418 -1.3 td 0.116 tw [(cleaning purposes and many 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 wer)18(e familiar with it. however)74(,)]tj t* -0.006 tc -0.012 tw [(ammonia has not been r)18(eported to be harmful to ozone in the atmosp)3(h)3(e)3(r)20(e)3(.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.01 tc -0.002 tw [(t)92(able 4 pr)18(ovides the per)17(centage of the incorr)18(ect r)17(esponses given by the)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.021 tc 0.009 tw [(subjects. four statements with a high per)17(centage of incorr)18(e)1(c)1(t)1( )1(r)19(esponses wer)18(e)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(selected for the analysis. the 14th statement, \322ozone r)18(egulates the earth\325s)]tj t* -0.019 tc 0.006 tw [(temperatur)17(e\323 was meant to determine student understanding r)18(egar)18(ding the)]tj t* -0.015 tc 0.003 tw (function of ozone as a temperatur)tj 14.39437 0.00001 td -0.0153 tc (e)tj 0.70097 0 td -0.015 tc [(r)18(egulator)73(. however)74(, no explanation was)]tj -15.0953 -1.3 td -0.01 tc -0.002 tw (asked for)tj 3.9249 0 td -0.0103 tc (,)tj 0.4771 0 td -0.01 tc (because this was an elaboration of the 13th statement, \322ozone in)tj -4.402 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(the atmospher)18(e is vital for life on the earth.\323 )]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (110)tj 31.6423 0.00001 td 0 tc (t)tj 0.53101 0.00001 td (ahsin kahlid)tj et q endstream endobj 13 0 obj << /length 5565 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 91 416.9229 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.06 tw [(statement 18, \322one cause of ozone depletion is the incr)18(eased gr)18(een)-1(-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.016 tc 0.003 tw [(house ef)18(fect,\323 is a dif)18(fer)17(ent version of statement 5, which asked whether the)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.009 tw [(ozone hole would incr)18(ease the gr)18(eenhouse ef)17(fect. the qualitative r)18(espons-)]tj t* 0.003 tc 0.122 tw (es to this statement r)tj 9.64712 0 td (eveal student misconceptions about the causes of)tj -9.64712 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.013 tw (ozone depletion. they wer)tj 11.81323 0 td (e, \322. . . one af)tj 5.71281 0 td (fects the other)tj 6.16984 0 td (,\323 \322they \(the gr)tj 6.63208 0 td 0 tw (een)tj 1.5393 0 td (-)tj -31.86726 -1.30002 td -0.021 tc 0.009 tw [(house ef)18(fect and ozone depletion\) work together incr)17(easing each other)74(,\323 \322\(as)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.0188 tc (a)tj 0.71853 0 td -0.019 tc 0.006 tw [(r)18(esult of an incr)17(eased gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect\) mor)18(e gases ar)18(e trapped which eat)]tj -0.71853 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.009 tw (away the ozone layer)tj 9.35125 0 td [(.\323 these statements r)18(eveal the same misconceptions)]tj -9.35125 -1.3 td -0.005 tw [(that one pr)17(oblem causes the other)74(, either the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect causes the)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.003 tw [(ozone depletion or vice versa. some of the explanations also r)19(eveal the fact)]tj t* -0.013 tc 0 tw [(that 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 got the incorr)17(ect conceptions thr)18(ough the media. one student)]tj t* 0.005 tc 0.12 tw [(mentioned that, \322i think i have hear)17(d that on some tv show)92(,\323 and \322i)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.01 tw (believe i have hear)tj 8.20053 0 td -0.0031 tc (d)tj 0.84528 0 td -0.003 tc [(this on the news.\323 the corr)18(ect r)18(espondents, however)74(,)]tj -9.04581 -1.3 td -0.012 tc 0 tw (mentioned that these two phenomena ar)tj 17.41332 0 td -0.0123 tc (e)tj 0.70403 0 td -0.012 tc (not dir)tj 2.89672 0 td (ectly r)tj 2.63666 0 td (elated to one anoth-)tj -23.65073 -1.30001 td 0 tc [(er)73(. they ar)18(e separate phenomena that occur in the atmospher)18(e.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.002 tc 0.122 tw [(the r)18(esponses to statement 19, \322one cause of ozone destr)8(uction is)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.004 tc 0.121 tw [(due to car emissions,\323 indicate the pr)18(esence of misconceptions among)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.006 tw (several 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 r)tj 7.65127 0 td [(egar)17(ding the causes of the ozone destr)8(uction. they think)]tj -7.65127 -1.3 td -0.001 tc -0.012 tw (that co)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 107.6185 180.9428 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 112.9893 182.9228 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 tc (fr)tj 0.70833 0 td -0.012 tw (om car emissions ar)tj 8.68796 0 td -0.0009 tc (e)tj 0.71532 0 td (r)tj 0.3765 0 td -0.001 tc (esponsible factors. for instance, one stu-)tj -14.48704 -1.30001 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw (dent thought, \322pollution especially that of car exhaust mainly co)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 359.5323 167.9429 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 364.8904 169.9228 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc [(cr)18(eates)]tj -29.18904 -1.3 td 0.007 tc 0.118 tw [(holes in the ozone layer)74(.\323 )37(another r)17(espondent said, \322all pollution can)]tj t* -0.008 tc -0.004 tw [(cause ozone destr)8(uction.\323 ther)18(efor)18(e, accor)18(ding to their claim, car emission)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(is one of the causes of ozone destr)9(uction. the r)18(ole of the media in causing)]tj t* -0.009 tc -0.003 tw [(confusion cannot be r)8(uled out. sometimes these issues ar)18(e discussed in the)]tj t* -0.008 tc -0.005 tw [(media in such a way that they cause mor)18(e confusion than clarification. for)]tj t* -0.024 tc 0.011 tw (instance one student said, \322that\325s why i hear people say like about smog and)tj t* -0.005 tc -0.006 tw [(s)-5(t)-5(u)-5(f)13(f)-5( )-5(\()-5(i)-5(n)-5( )-5(c)-5(o)-5(nnection with ozone depletion\).\323 generally these issues ar)17(e not)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 0.667 w 73.706 464.629 322.532 130.753 re s 75.039 465.962 319.866 128.087 re s bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 81.0579 584.121 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0 tc 0 tw [(no)-9423(concepts)-10291(%)-249(corr)17(ect)]tj 0.36516 -1.98937 td [(14)-1787(ozone r)18(egulates the earth\325s temperatur)17(e.)-6133(65)]tj 0.00265 -2.07507 td [(18)-1786(one cause of ozone depletion is the incr)18(eased)-4216(43)]tj 2.7864 -1.21904 td [(gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect.)]tj -2.7864 -1.86544 td [(19)-1786(one cause of ozone destr)8(uction is due to car )-4572(92)]tj 2.7864 -1.21904 td (emissions.)tj -3.48717 -4.92506 td [(t)92(able 4. elementary education major 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 understanding of ozone)]tj 6.25256 -1.21904 td [(depletion, per)17(centage of corr)18(ect r)18(esponses.)]tj -5.55179 4.39752 td [(21)-1786(pollution fr)17(om factories is one of the causes of )-3741(85)]tj 2.7864 -1.21904 td (ozone depletion.)tj et 1 w 104.4172 593.9998 m 104.4172 466.3028 l s 324.8377 593.5264 m 324.8377 466.2134 l s 75.013 577.827 m 394.355 577.827 l s 0.5 w 75.187 556.9141 m 394.258 556.9141 l s 74.959 522.543 m 394.225 522.543 l s 74.959 494.574 m 394.311 494.574 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pre-ser)tj 3.4551 0 td (vice )tj 2.1235 0 td (t)tj 0.55102 0.00001 td (eac)tj 1.65796 0.00001 td (her)tj 1.54077 0.00001 td [<73d5>-198(misconceptions)-18535(111)]tj et q endstream endobj 14 0 obj << /length 4891 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc 0.02 tw [(pr)17(esented very clearly in the media and that sometimes causes these mis)1(-)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.019 tc 0.002 tw [(conceptions. for instance one student said, \322 i r)19(emember hearing something)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.011 tc -0.007 tw [(about the car emitting and fr)17(eon and it being harmful to the envir)17(onment.\323)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.003 tc 0.123 tw [(although fr)17(eon is harmful for ozone, it is not the r)18(egular car emission.)]tj t* -0.029 tc 0.011 tw [(however)74(, in the popular media, these subtle clarifications ar)18(e not often )-1(m)-5(a)-5(d)-5(e)-5(.)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (as such the audience get incomplete and often confusing information.)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 346.9902 524.671 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 55 507.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.018 tc 0.005 tw [(another noticeable factor is that if people do not know the corr)17(ect caus-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.008 tc -0.005 tw [(e)-1(s)-1( )-1(o)-1(f)-1( )-1(a)-1( )-1(p)-1(r)17(oblem, they cannot suggest the appr)17(opriate measur)18(e)-1(s)-1( )-1(t)-1(o)-1( )-1(r)16(educe it)]tj t* 0 tc 0.058 tw [(\(boyes & stanisstr)18(eet, 1992\). for instance, in this case, one student men-)]tj t* -0.013 tc 0.001 tw [(tioned that because car emissions ar)18(e hazar)18(dous to ozone that\325s why \322envi-)]tj t* 0.007 tc 0.117 tw [(r)18(onmentalists encourage car)18(-pooling.\323 the fact is that car)17(-pooling can)]tj t* -0.017 tc 0.004 tw [(help r)17(educe gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect or global warming, but it may not contr)17(ol the)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (ozone depletion. )tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.048 tw (statement 21, \322pollution fr)tj 11.85788 0 td (om factories is one of the causes of ozone)tj -13.65788 -1.3 td -0.014 tc 0.002 tw [(depletion in the atmospher)18(e,\323 was a dif)18(fer)17(ent version of the 19th statement,)]tj t* 0 tc 0.061 tw [(which r)18(eferr)17(ed to car emissions. the r)19(esponses for these two statements)]tj t* 0.004 tc 0.121 tw [(wer)18(e not very dif)17(fer)17(ent. v)111(ery similar explanations and misconceptions)]tj t* 0 tc 0.034 tw [(wer)18(e seen in both the statements. the r)17(eason for using two conceptually)]tj t* 0.003 tc 0.121 tw [(similar statements was to determine if 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 had dif)19(fer)17(ent perspec-)]tj t* -0.013 tc 0 tw [(tives for car and factory emissions. the analysis r)19(eveals that the majority of)]tj t* 0.01 tc 0.115 tw (世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 r)tj 4.61552 0 td (esponded to both statements 19 and 21 incorr)tj 21.27869 0 td (ectly and dis)tj 5.97314 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.86735 -1.30001 td 0 tw (played the similar misconceptions.)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 285.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(acid pr)17(ecipitation)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 265.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.021 tc 0.003 tw [(s)-5(t)-5(atements 23 thr)17(ough 29 in the survey pertained to the pr)17(oblem of acid pr)18(e-)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.005 tc 0.067 tw [(cipitation. however)74(, in t)91(able 5 only two statements with)1( the highest fr)16(e-)]tj t* 0.001 tw (quency of corr)tj 6.29576 0 td (ect r)tj 1.85185 0 td (esponses have been mentioned, because ther)tj 19.49385 0 td -0.0052 tc (e)tj 0.71998 0 td -0.005 tc 0 tw (wer)tj 1.67483 0 td -0.0052 tc (e)tj 0.71997 0 td -0.005 tc (not)tj -30.75624 -1.30001 td -0.025 tc 0.008 tw (many statements with a high per)tj 13.77068 0 td (centage of corr)tj 6.14054 0 td -0.026 tc (ect r)tj 1.75658 0 td -0.025 tc (esponses in this category)tj 10.28233 0 td -0.0254 tc (.)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (112)tj 31.6423 0.00001 td 0 tc (t)tj 0.53101 0.00001 td (ahsin kahlid)tj et 0.667 w 0 0 0 1 k 36.333 136.857 322.532 75.654 re s 37.666 138.19 319.866 72.987 re s q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 43.6852 201.3257 tm 0 0 0 1 k (no)tj 10.8 0 td (concepts)tj 14.4 0 td [(%)-250(corr)18(ect)]tj -24.96855 -1.75053 td [(23)-1787(burning some types of coal may lead to the )-4802(68)]tj 2.78663 -1.21904 td [(pr)17(oduction of acid rain.)]tj -2.7866 -1.80066 td [(27)-1786(acid rain damages some stone buildings)-6302(89)]tj 2.7864 -1.21904 td [(mor)18(e than others.)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 37.962 195.938 m 357.238 195.938 l s 0.5 w 37.543 165.726 m 356.857 165.726 l s 1 w 64.6398 210.8806 m 64.6398 138.3147 l s 283.5894 210.8812 m 283.5894 138.3142 l s bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 45.7571 121.0757 tm (t)tj 0.521 0.00001 td (able 5. )tj 3.07251 0.00001 td (elementary education major 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 understanding of acid)tj 1.5312 -1.2191 td -0.0005 tc (pr)tj 0.9778 0 td 0 tc (ecipitation, per)tj 6.63184 0.00001 td (centage of corr)tj 6.50512 0.00001 td [(ect r)18(esponses.)]tj et q endstream endobj 15 0 obj << /length 5143 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 91 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.021 tc 0.008 tw (responses to statement 23, \322burning some types of coal may lead to the)tj -1.8 -1.30001 td -0.018 tc 0.005 tw [(pr)17(oduction of acid rain,\323 indicate student misconceptions r)19(egar)18(ding the for)-1(-)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.013 tc 0 tw [(mation of acid rain. for instance, two 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 said that emissions fr)19(om the)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0.004 tc 0.121 tw (burnt coal rise to the clouds and mix with the rain. one student said,)tj t* -0.02 tc 0.008 tw [(\322gases fr)18(om the coal burning mix with the rain/moistur)17(e in the atmospher)18(e)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.009 tc -0.004 tw [(and incr)18(ease the level of acid in the rain.\323 )37(another student said, \322pollution)]tj t* -0.012 tc 0 tw (is caught in the rain. it falls.\323 some 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 blamed the burning of coal for)tj t* -0.001 tc -0.011 tw [(ozone depletion. for instance, one r)18(espondent said, \322when anything pr)17(o-)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.005 tw [(duces a smoke or harmful gas, it can pr)19(oduce and af)18(fects to our world and)]tj t* -0.024 tc 0.012 tw [(ozone layer)74(.\323 this statement indicates the pr)18(esence of the misconception that)]tj t* -0.021 tc 0.009 tw [(ozone depletion and acid rain ar)18(e r)18(elated. only two 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 explained their)]tj t* 0 tc 0.041 tw [(r)18(esponses corr)18(ectly by mentioning sulfur as the major culprit in the pr)17(o-)]tj t* 0 tw (duction of acid rain.)tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.024 tc 0.011 tw (世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 displayed some misconceptions while r)tj 20.50565 0 td (esponding to statement)tj -22.30565 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.122 tw [(27, \322acid rain damages some stone buildings mor)19(e than others.\323 they)]tj t* 0.002 tc 0.123 tw [(showed misconceptions r)19(egar)17(ding the natur)17(e of the stones. they men)1(-)]tj t* -0.022 tc 0.009 tw [(tioned the statements such as, \322some stones ar)18(e softer)74(,\323 \322some stone is mor)19(e)]tj t* 0.01 tw [(fragile than others,\323 and \322some stone is weaker)74(.\323 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 also showed mis)1(-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.018 tw [(conceptions r)18(egar)17(ding the chemical r)18(eaction between acids and the lime-)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(stone. some of them mixed up the chemical r)19(eactions with the dissolving.)]tj t* 0.013 tc 0.112 tw (for instance, the statement, \322limestone, for example, is dissolved by)tj t* -0.017 tc 0.004 tw [(acids,\323 indicates this misconception. dissolving is a physical change wher)19(e-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.034 tw [(as the r)18(eaction between limestone and the acid is chemical. in a physical)]tj t* 0.015 tw [(change, the chemical composition of both solute and solvent r)18(emains the)]tj t* 0.025 tw [(same. on the contrary)111(, chemical r)18(eaction r)17(esults in change in the compo-)]tj t* 0 tw (sition of the substances. )tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.018 tc (ther)tj 1.98071 0 td -0.0176 tc (e)tj 0.69874 0 td -0.018 tc (wer)tj 1.63764 0 td -0.0175 tc (e)tj 0.69881 0 td (no)tj 1.33027 0 td -0.018 tc 0.005 tw (statements with the significant incorr)tj 15.77745 0 td (ect r)tj 1.79341 0 td (esponses in the)tj -25.71702 -1.30001 td -0.002 tc -0.01 tw (\323acid pr)tj 3.54637 0 td (eciptation\323 category)tj 8.77322 0 td -0.0022 tc (.)tj 0.48521 0 td -0.002 tc 0 tw (however)tj 4.0408 0 td -0.0021 tc (,)tj 0.48527 0 td -0.002 tc -0.01 tw (statement 26, \322acid rain is caused)tj -17.33087 -1.30001 td -0.011 tw [(by the incr)17(ease in gr)18(eenhouse ef)17(fect,\323 is worth mentioning her)18(e because it)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.013 tc 0.001 tw [(r)18(eveals some misconceptions among 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 in connecting the two appar)1(-)]tj t* -0.012 tc -0.001 tw (ently independent phenomena. explanations such as \322mor)tj 25.31708 0 td -0.0118 tc (e)tj 0.70456 0 td -0.012 tc 0 tw (co)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 347.9338 193.6909 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 353.2391 195.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 tc -0.001 tw (and other)tj -28.02391 -1.3 td 0.002 tc 0.122 tw [(gases ar)18(e abundant, causing the rain to be acidic\323 and \322chemicals ar)18(e)]tj t* -0.024 tc 0.012 tw [(trapped in the atmospher)17(e so when it rains these chemicals come down with)]tj t* 0 tc 0.054 tw [(the rain\323 indicate 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 misconception that an incr)18(eased gr)18(eenhouse)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(ef)17(fect may make the rain acidic. other explanations such as \322depletion of)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (ozone causes build up of chemicals\323 and \322the ozone is depleted so some)tj t* -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(acid gets thr)18(ough with the rain\323 r)16(eveal that 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 r)18(elate all thr)17(ee issues)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (and think they ar)tj 7.59814 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.72876 0 td 0 tc [(causative of each other)74(. )]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pre-ser)tj 3.4551 0 td (vice )tj 2.1235 0 td (t)tj 0.55102 0.00001 td (eac)tj 1.65796 0.00001 td (her)tj 1.54077 0.00001 td [<73d5>-198(misconceptions)-18535(113)]tj et q endstream endobj 16 0 obj << /length 4745 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 171.9026 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (conclusion)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 561.871 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tw [(the r)18(esults fr)18(om the qualitative part of the survey r)16(eveal student miscon)1(-)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(ceptions r)18(egar)17(ding the natur)17(e, causes, and ef)18(fects of the thr)18(ee envir)17(on-)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.004 tw [(mental issues, the gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect, ozone depletion, and acid rain. the)]tj t* 0 tw [(major misconceptions found in this study ar)19(e summarized below)92(.)]tj 0 -2.6 td tj 1.8 0 td 0.067 tw [(the gr)18(eenhouse ef)17(fect and ozone depletion ar)18(e r)18(elated. they have a)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tw [(causal r)18(elationship.)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td tj 1.8 0 td 0.007 tc 0.118 tw [(an incr)18(eased gr)18(eenhouse ef)17(fect will incr)18(ease the incidence of skin)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(cancer)74(.)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td tj 1.8 0 td -0.009 tc -0.003 tw [(o)1(z)1(o)1(n)1(e)1( )1(i)1(s)1( )1(a)1( )1(m)1(u)1(l)1(t)1(i)1(f)1(u)1(n)1(c)1(t)1(i)1(o)1(n)1(a)1(l)1( )1(l)1(a)1(y)1(e)1(r)75(. it performs several functions, such as)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc [(contr)18(olling temperatur)17(e, balancing the amount of gases in the atmos-)]tj t* 0 tw [(pher)17(e.)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td tj 1.8 0 td -0.022 tc 0.01 tw [(pollutants such as car and factory exhausts can destr)18(o)1(y)1( )1(t)1(h)1(e)1( )1(s)1(t)1(r)1(a)1(t)1(o)1(s)1(p)1(h)1(e)1(r)1(i)1(c)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (ozone.)tj -1.8 -1.3 td tj 1.8 0 td (co)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 69.9487 377.8909 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 75.4487 379.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (is one of the causes of ozone depletion.)tj -3.84487 -1.3 td tj 1.8 0 td -0.013 tc 0.001 tw [(ozone depletion may r)18(esult in an incr)17(ease in temperatur)18(e on the earth.)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc tj 1.8 0 td 0.038 tw (pollutants and chemicals evaporate with water and mix with clouds)tj t* 0 tw (and come down as acid rain.)tj -1.8 -1.3 td tj 1.8 0 td (acids have a higher ph level than bases.)tj 0 -2.6 td -0.018 tc 0.005 tw [(similar findings wer)18(e r)18(eported by other r)17(esear)18(chers. dor)18(ough, r)36(ye, and)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.008 tc 0.117 tw (rubba (1995) r)tj 6.76321 0 td (eported the pr)tj 6.64408 0 td [(esence of misconceptions among the ele)1(-)]tj -13.40729 -1.30001 td -0.017 tc 0.004 tw [(mentary school subjects that ozone depletion and the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect had)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.0047 tc (a)tj 0.73276 0 td -0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(causal r)18(elationship. boyes and stanisstr)18(eet (1993) r)18(eported that their sec)-1(-)]tj -0.73276 -1.3 td -0.017 tc 0.004 tw (ondary school subjects had the misconception that an incr)tj 24.60217 0 td (eased gr)tj 3.54404 0 td 0 tw (eenhouse)tj -28.14621 -1.30001 td -0.021 tc 0.008 tw [(ef)17(fect will incr)18(ease the incidence of skin cancer)75(. similar misconceptions wer)18(e)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc (r)tj 0.36251 0 td -0.015 tc 0.002 tw (eported by boyes, chuckran and stanisstr)tj 17.92834 0 td (eet (1993) with secondary school)tj -18.29085 -1.3 td 0 tc -0.012 tw (世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 and by boyes and stanisstr)tj 15.83349 0 td (eet (1992) and khalid (2000) with col)tj 16.03375 0 td (-)tj -31.86724 -1.30001 td 0 tw (lege 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 . )tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(several r)18(easons can be given for the pr)18(esence of these misconceptions)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.009 tc 0.116 tw (among the pr)tj 6.26878 0 td [(e-service teachers in the pr)18(esent study)110(, and their lack of)]tj -6.26878 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(knowledge of these fairly common envir)18(onmental issues. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.076 tw (one major r)tj 5.43234 0 td (eason for the pr)tj 7.14534 0.00001 td (esence of misconceptions is the abstract)tj -14.37768 -1.30001 td -0.005 tc -0.008 tw [(natur)17(e of the concepts, such as the gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect and ozone depletion.)]tj t* 0 tc 0.095 tw [(世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 generally r)17(eceive verbal information r)18(egar)17(ding the natur)17(e and)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(functions of these phenomena. )37(as discussed earlier)75(, 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 claimed that)]tj t* 0.007 tc 0.118 tw [(they did not r)17(eceive complete information either fr)18(om their classes or)]tj t* 0 tc 0.059 tw [(fr)17(om the media. )37(as a r)19(esult of this incomplete information, the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 )]tj t* 0.005 tc 0.12 tw (made their own conceptual models to explain these abstract concepts.)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (114)tj 31.6423 0.00001 td 0 tc (t)tj 0.53101 0.00001 td (ahsin kahlid)tj et q endstream endobj 17 0 obj << /length 5051 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(most of those models, however)75(, wer)18(e not consistent with the scientifically)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.033 tw [(accepted explanations. the following example illustrates the pr)17(esence of)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tw (these mental models among 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 .)tj 1.8 -1.30001 td 0.005 tc 0.109 tw [(in the study it was obvious that the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 knew the r)17(ole of the)]tj -1.8 -1.30001 td -0.001 tc -0.006 tw [(g)1(r)18(eenhouse gases as heat absorbers. they also knew that ozone depletion)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.017 tc 0.01 tw [(would r)18(esult in the entry of mor)17(e uv rays to the earth atmospher)18(e. in or)18(der)]tj t* -0.008 tc 0.001 tw [(to explain the occurr)17(ence of these phenomena, a lar)18(ge majority of 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 )]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.007 tw [(mistakenly developed a mental model that as a r)18(esult of ozone depletion,)]tj t* 0.005 tc 0.06 tw [(mor)18(e uv rays will enter the earth atmospher)17(e wher)18(e these rays will be)]tj t* 0.006 tc 0.124 tw [(absorbed by the gr)17(eenhouse gases. hence, they mistakenly concluded)]tj t* 0.008 tc 0.122 tw [(that ozone depletion would raise global temperatur)17(e. using the same)]tj t* 0.015 tc 0.115 tw (mental model, some 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 concluded that ozone depletion would)tj t* 0.005 tc -0.012 tw [(incr)18(ease the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect. some other 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 , who appear)18(ed to be)]tj t* 0.015 tc 0.115 tw (thinking on the same lines, concluded that the incr)tj 24.00663 0 td [(eased gr)18(eenhouse)]tj -24.00663 -1.3 td 0.004 tc -0.011 tw [(e)1(f)18(fect would incr)18(ease the incidence of skin cancer because mor)19(e uv light)]tj t* 0.009 tc 0.121 tw [(would be absorbed by gr)17(eenhouse gases. because of inef)19(fective class-)]tj t* -0.012 tc 0.004 tw [(r)18(oom instr)8(uction and incomplete information fr)18(om the media, the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 )]tj t* 0.019 tc 0.111 tw [(failed to r)18(ealize that gr)17(eenhouse gases do not absorb solar radiation)]tj t* 0.011 tc 0.119 tw [(including uv rays. the scientifically accepted fact is that gr)17(eenhouse)]tj t* 0.001 tc -0.009 tw [(gases ar)18(e transpar)17(ent for incoming solar radiation. however)75(, they absorb)]tj t* 0.005 tc 0.08 tw (the r)tj 2.11822 0 td (eradiated long wave heat ener)tj 13.80959 0 td (gy to make the atmospher)tj 11.94354 0 td 0.0049 tc (e)tj 0.81852 0 td 0.005 tc 0 tw (warmer)tj -28.68987 -1.30001 td -0.011 tc 0.004 tw [((somerville, 1996). the pr)18(esence of one incorr)19(ect conception r)18(esulted in the)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.014 tc 0.006 tw [(development of several incorr)18(ect mental models and many misconceptions)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(a)-5(m)-5(o)-5(ng the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 .)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.013 tc [(the r)18(ole of the media can be consider)18(ed an important factor in cr)18(eating)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.011 tc -0.002 tw (confusions and misconceptions among these 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 . the influence of the)tj t* 0 tc 0.125 tw (media was seemingly a major factor in developing student knowledge)tj t* -0.004 tw (and shaping their thinking. in r)tj 13.84069 0 td (esponse to the survey statements, the stu)tj 18.02655 0 td (-)tj -31.86724 -1.30001 td -0.021 tc 0.008 tw [(dents gave statements such as, \322that\325s what i have hear)18(d\323 and \322that\325s what)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.0017 tc (i)tj 0.57266 0 td -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(have hear)18(d on the news media.\323 they blamed the media for inappr)18(opri-)]tj -0.57266 -1.3 td -0.022 tc 0.01 tw (ate coverage by saying, \322i am a victim of the media.\323 other r)tj 25.54284 0 td 0 tw (esear)tj 2.14779 0 td 0.01 tw (chers have)tj -27.69063 -1.30001 td 0.017 tc 0.108 tw (also mentioned the media influence on student knowledge \(boyes &)tj 0 -1.3 td 0.02 tc 0.259 tw [(stanisstr)18(eet, 1995; dove, 1996\) and its ef)18(fects on people\325s opinion)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.011 tw [((somerville, 1996). similarly)111(, carbon dioxide gas is known in the media as)]tj t* 0 tc 0.015 tw [(the only gr)17(eenhouse gas. its r)18(ole was in the headlines during the fall and)]tj t* 0.018 tw [(winter of 1997 during the time of the kyoto confer)17(ence in japan. student)]tj t* 0.003 tc 0.122 tw [(r)18(esponses r)18(eflected this familiarity with carbon dioxide. some of them)]tj t* 0 tc -0.006 tw (mentioned that ther)tj 8.76302 0.00001 td -0.0002 tc (e)tj 0.72295 0 td 0 tc [(might be other gr)17(eenhouse gases, but as they point)-1(-)]tj -9.486 -1.3 td 0.022 tw (ed out, carbon dioxide is the one that is most fr)tj 20.94115 0.00001 td (equently discussed in the)tj -20.9412 -1.3 td -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(media. this suggests the r)18(eason why everyone mentioned carbon dioxide;)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pre-ser)tj 3.4551 0 td (vice )tj 2.1235 0 td (t)tj 0.55102 0.00001 td (eac)tj 1.65796 0.00001 td (her)tj 1.54077 0.00001 td [<73d5>-198(misconceptions)-18535(115)]tj et q endstream endobj 18 0 obj << /length 5191 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.01 tc -0.002 tw [(but no one mentioned methane, a mor)18(e powerful gr)17(eenhouse gas than car-)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0 tw (bon dioxide, because it is not discussed in the media.)tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.004 tc -0.008 tw (it was also noticed that the use of some common terms was a possible)tj -1.8 -1.30001 td 0 tc -0.012 tw (cause of confusion and misconceptions among 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 . for instance, the)tj t* 0.072 tw (term \322ozone layer\323 is a common term used to describe the atmospheric)tj 0 -1.3 td -0.01 tc -0.002 tw (ozone. this phrase seems to give people an idea that ozone is some type of)tj t* -0.023 tc 0.01 tw [(covering ar)18(ound the earth. the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 thought of ozone as a thin layer like)]tj 0.0066 tc (a)' 0.88146 0 td 0.007 tc 0.118 tw [(membrane, or like a sheet ar)18(ound the earth. in fact, it is a rar)17(e gas,)]tj -0.88146 -1.3 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(which is spr)18(ead in the stratospheric r)18(egion among other gases such as)]tj t* -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(nitr)17(ogen. ozone makes up only a small component of gases in that r)18(egion)]tj t* 0 tc -0.001 tw [(wher)18(e its concentration is just a few particles per million. this concentra-)]tj t* 0.002 tc 0.123 tw [(tion of ozone may vary accor)18(ding to its location ar)18(ound dif)18(fer)17(ent geo-)]tj t* 0 tc -0.007 tw [(graphical r)17(egions of the earth. )37(at or near the equator)73(, the concentration is)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.009 tw (higher than it is in the polar r)tj 12.73711 0 td [(egion (somerville, 1996). however)74(, the wor)18(d)]tj -12.73711 -1.3 td -0.015 tc 0.002 tw [(\322layer\323 gives 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 an idea, which is far fr)18(om the r)18(eality and causes mis-)]tj t* -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(conceptions. this misconception was appar)19(ent in the student r)17(esponses to)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.003 tw (the survey statements when they used the analogy of \322skin for the body as)tj t* -0.021 tc 0.009 tw (ozone for the earth\323 and \322the ozone layer is kind of like the cell membrane.\323)tj t* -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(the term \322layer\323 also gives 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 incorr)18(ect ideas about the functions of)]tj t* 0.003 tc 0.122 tw [(ozone in the atmospher)18(e. these 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 thought of ozone as a multi-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.016 tw (functional layer)tj 6.9087 0 td -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.51587 0 td 0 tc (some of them thought that ozone helps contr)tj 19.99979 0 td (ol the tem)tj 4.44288 0 td (-)tj -31.86724 -1.30001 td -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(peratur)17(e by keeping the sunrays out. others thought that it maintains the)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(balance of gases in the atmospher)18(e. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.006 tw [(another r)18(elated term \322hole\323 is also a common term, used to describe)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.006 tw (the thinning or depletion of ozone. the use of this term seemingly causes)tj t* -0.002 tw (confusion among 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 because they think of some type of damage or)tj -0.0053 tc (a)' 0.73209 0 td (r)tj 0.38204 0 td -0.005 tc 0 tw (uptur)tj 2.48345 0 td -0.0053 tc (e)tj 0.71096 0 td -0.005 tc -0.007 tw (in the layer)tj 4.82876 0 td -0.0053 tc (.)tj 0.48209 0 td -0.005 tc (the use of this term also gave 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 the incorr)tj 21.34222 0 td 0 tw (ect)tj -30.96161 -1.30001 td -0.014 tc 0.002 tw (idea that if the so-called hole or holes get bigger)tj 20.35187 0 td -0.0145 tc (,)tj 0.47278 0 td -0.015 tc 0 tw (ther)tj 1.70651 0 td -0.0145 tc (e)tj 0.70183 0 td -0.015 tc 0.002 tw (might not be enough)tj -23.23299 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.071 tw (oxygen on the planet; some 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 mentioned that oxygen gas would)tj 0 -1.3 td -0.013 tc 0 tw [(escape thr)18(ough the hole. other 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 mentioned that heat would escape)]tj t* -0.01 tc (thr)tj 1.257 0 td -0.009 tc -0.003 tw (ough these so-called holes in this imaginary layer)tj 21.27367 0 td -0.0093 tc (,)tj 0.47808 0 td -0.009 tc (and this would make)tj -23.00876 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0 tw [(the envir)17(onment colder)75(. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.077 tw [(the pr)18(esence of misconceptions can also be attributed to inef)18(fective)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.002 tc 0.123 tw [(classr)18(oom science instr)9(uction. some 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 , during the conversation,)]tj t* 0.006 tc 0.119 tw [(complained that their science classes did not have any r)19(eal impact on)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(their knowledge. that is why)110(, as they claimed, they did not r)18(emember the)]tj t* 0 tc 0.054 tw [(information. instead, they r)18(emember)17(ed the information fr)18(om the media.)]tj t* -0.024 tc 0.012 tw (some 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 complained that the envir)tj 17.20571 0.00001 td [(onmental topics wer)18(e not discussed)]tj -17.2057 -1.3 td -0.002 tc -0.011 tw (in detail in their classr)tj 9.68979 0.00001 td (ooms. this was a possible r)tj 11.95229 0.00001 td (eason why these college)tj -21.6421 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.04 tw [(世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 had some of the similar misconceptions that wer)19(e identified by)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (116)tj 31.6423 0.00001 td 0 tc (t)tj 0.53101 0.00001 td (ahsin kahlid)tj et q endstream endobj 19 0 obj << /length 4992 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.006 tc -0.006 tw [(francis, boyes, qualter and statnisstr)18(eet (1993) among 5th grade 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 ,)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw (and by christidou and koulaidis (1996) among 5th and 6th grade stu-)tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc -0.005 tw [(dents. these 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 r)18(etained their misconceptions unchanged up to the)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tw (college level. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 191.5134 512.071 tm 0 0 0 1 k (recommendations)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 488.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 tc -0.011 tw [(this array of misconceptions and inadequate knowledge of 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 rais)1(-)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.006 tw [(es several concerns in people\325s minds. these 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 will soon be teach)2(-)]tj t* -0.01 tc -0.003 tw [(ing in their own classr)18(ooms. if they continue to hold these misconceptions,)]tj t* -0.013 tc 0.001 tw [(it is quite likely that they will perpetuate them in their classr)16(ooms \(hooper)74(,)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.011 tw [(1988\). )37(as the thr)17(ee issues discussed in the study involve science concepts,)]tj t* 0 tc 0.105 tw [(student misconceptions about these issues r)18(eveal their lack of scientific)]tj t* -0.019 tc 0.007 tw [(knowledge. ther)18(efor)17(e, befor)18(e we begin thinking about futur)16(e impr)18(ovement,)]tj t* 0.013 tc 0.112 tw (we have to r)tj 5.93272 0 td [(eview the pr)17(esent situation of teaching of science in our)]tj -5.93272 -1.30001 td 0 tc -0.011 tw [(teacher education pr)18(ograms. )37(at pr)17(esent, elementary education major stu-)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.002 tc [(dents do not have an adequate science backgr)18(ound, taking only a few sci-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.019 tw (ence courses, usually with the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 majoring in science \(anderson &)tj t* -0.006 tc -0.006 tw [(m)1(i)1(t)1(c)1(h)1(e)1(n)1(e)1(r)75(, 1994\). these courses for science majors ar)20(e generally a part of a)]tj t* 0.013 tc 0.112 tw (series of courses. elementary education majors, who take one or two)tj t* 0 tc 0.051 tw (courses out of that series, do not get the complete content. t)tj 26.91659 0 td -0.0001 tc (o)tj 0.84721 0 td 0 tc (avoid this)tj -27.7638 -1.30001 td 0.003 tc 0.122 tw [(pr)17(oblem, some universities have developed special science courses for)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.006 tc 0.119 tw (elementary education major 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 . sometimes these special science)tj t* 0 tc 0.08 tw (courses ar)tj 4.52038 0 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.80841 0 td 0 tc (basic in natur)tj 6.1309 0 td [(e, and they do not pr)18(ovide suf)18(ficient scientific)]tj -11.45969 -1.30001 td -0.01 tc -0.002 tw [(information to the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 . )37(as some r)18(esear)18(chers pointed out, \322often these)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.001 tc -0.011 tw [(courses ar)18(e said to be water)18(ed down and inadequate\323 (p.14). this \322inade-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.053 tw [(quate and water)17(ed down\323 knowledge of science is not suf)19(ficient to help)]tj t* 0.096 tw (these student teachers clarify their confusion caused by the media. the)tj (r)' 0.3835 0 td 0.006 tc 0 tw (esear)tj 2.29103 0 td 0.118 tw [(ch indicates that when these 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 become teachers, they ar)18(e)]tj -2.67453 -1.3 td -0.011 tc -0.002 tw (fearful of teaching science concepts in their classr)tj 21.13209 0 td (ooms. they either neglect)tj -21.13209 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.008 tw (science topics or depend too much on text book learning without its con-)tj t* -0.01 tc -0.003 tw [(textualization with the r)17(eal world \(beiswenger)74(, stepans, & mcclur)18(g, 1998\). )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.015 tc 0.002 tw (considering the importance of envir)tj 15.56518 0 td (onmental issues, some universities)tj -17.36518 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.099 tw (have started a separate r)tj 11.16027 0.00001 td [(equir)17(ed course in envir)19(onmental education for)]tj -11.16027 -1.30001 td -0.024 tc 0.011 tw [(every pr)17(e-service teacher (maurice, 1996). this is a very practical step to help)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.006 tc 0 tw (pr)tj 0.96635 0.00001 td -0.007 tw [(e-service teachers impr)18(ove their envir)18(onmental knowledge. however)74(, if)]tj -0.9663 -1.3 td -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(these courses ar)18(e \322water)18(ed down and inadequate\323 they will be of no help)]tj t* 0.02 tc 0.154 tw (to the pr)tj 4.2231 0 td (e-service teachers. the classr)tj 13.70794 0.00001 td (oom practice also needs to be)tj -17.9311 -1.3 td 0.011 tc 0.113 tw [(r)17(eviewed. lor)19(d (1999) describes the pr)18(oblem with the curr)17(ent science)]tj t* -0.004 tc -0.009 tw [(classr)18(oom instr)8(uction. he says, \322one of the r)18(easons 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 do not r)18(etain)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pre-ser)tj 3.4551 0 td (vice )tj 2.1235 0 td (t)tj 0.55102 0.00001 td (eac)tj 1.65796 0.00001 td (her)tj 1.54077 0.00001 td [<73d5>-198(misconceptions)-18535(117)]tj et q endstream endobj 20 0 obj << /length 4483 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(the information they learn is that science educators teach inef)18(fectively\323 \(p.)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.078 tw [(23\). he further describes this inef)18(fectiveness as teacher)18(-center)17(ed science)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.004 tc -0.009 tw [(c)-1(l)-1(a)-1(s)-1(s)-1(r)17(o)-1(o)-1(m)-1(s)-1( )-1(w)-1(h)-1(e)-1(r)17(e teachers spend most of the time lecturing. )37(a)-1(c)-1(c)-1(o)-1(r)18(ding to)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.022 tc 0.009 tw [(lor)18(d, this appr)18(oach helps 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 get a good grade, but does not help elim-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.052 tw [(inate their misconceptions. for teacher education pr)18(ograms, lor)18(d (1999))]tj 0 -1.3 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw (cites shymansky (1992) and says, \322. . . in many of the most celebrated)tj t* 0 tc 0.015 tw [(teacher)18(-training pr)17(ograms in the nation, science education pr)18(ofessors ar)18(e)]tj t* 0.125 tw [(schooling 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 about innovative and ef)18(fective methods of teaching)]tj t* 0.051 tw [(but doing so in a pedantic, traditional teacher)17(-center)18(ed fashion. because)]tj t* -0.011 tc -0.001 tw [(many pr)18(ofessors of pr)18(e-service teachers do not use the innovative methods)]tj t* -0.009 tc -0.004 tw [(they espouse, it is not surprising that their 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 do not use these meth)-1(-)]tj t* -0.013 tc 0.001 tw [(ods mor)18(e when they become teachers\323 (p. 24). lor)18(d\325s description of science)]tj t* 0 tc 0.049 tw [(classr)18(oom instr)8(uction makes it clear why the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 in this study kept)]tj t* 0.086 tw (their misconceptions thr)tj 10.88955 0 td [(ough their academic car)18(eer and why they wer)17(e)]tj -10.88955 -1.3 td 0 tw (influenced by the media misinformation. )tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.057 tw [(by making these changes in our teacher education pr)18(ogram, we can)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.018 tc 0.005 tw [(impr)18(ove the knowledge level of our pr)17(e-service teachers and eliminate their)]tj t* 0.003 tc 0.122 tw [(alternative conception. in other wor)18(ds, they will be better pr)16(epar)18(ed to)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(teach the envir)17(onmental issues in their classr)19(ooms.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 184.6736 317.0709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (notes)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 37 297.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 42.2758 293.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.017 tc 0.004 tw [(the wor)18(d \322expert\323 is commonly used in the media. t)91(wo examples explain)]tj -0.52758 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw (the fr)tj 2.34619 0 td (equent use of this wor)tj 9.79102 0 td -0.0001 tc (d)tj 0.86077 0 td 0 tc (in the media. )tj -11.19798 -2.60001 td [-1194(\322experts doubt rise of gr)18(eenhouse gas will be curtailed.\323 \(cover)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td [(story\); by: stevens, w)55(illiam k., new )18(y)91(ork t)55(imes, 1)56(1/03/97)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.019 tc 0.006 tw [-1213(\322experts on climate change ponder: how ur)18(gent is it?\323 by: stevens,)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc (w)tj 0.94507 0 td 0 tw (illiam k., new )tj 6.64746 0 td [(y)92(ork t)55(imes, 09/09/97.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 6 0 0 6 37 193.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 42.7491 189.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.025 tw [(during the verbal communication, the 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 wer)18(e found to be upset)]tj -0.57491 -1.3 td -0.019 tc 0.006 tw (with the media coverage of these important issues. one student said \322if you)tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (wer)tj 1.6897 0 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.83637 0 td 0 tc 0.108 tw [(depending on the media \(for their coverage of the envir)18(onmental)]tj -2.52607 -1.3 td -0.02 tc 0.007 tw (issues\) they\325d be for the worst.\323 )tj 13.60361 0.00001 td (another student showed her anger over the)tj -13.60361 -1.30001 td -0.003 tc -0.009 tw (incomplete media coverage. she said, \322i think in the media we hear about)tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.029 tw (all of this, how this is happening, ther)tj 16.86767 0.00001 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.75743 0 td 0 tc (is a hole in the ozone, blah, blah,)tj -17.6251 -1.3 td -0.005 tc -0.008 tw (blah. but they never go into the why and what. so, i think i am a victim of)tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (the media.\323)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (118)tj 31.6423 0.00001 td 0 tc (t)tj 0.53101 0.00001 td (ahsin kahlid)tj et q endstream endobj 21 0 obj << /length 11090 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 185.1279 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (notes on contributor)tj -11.21279 -2.38 td -0.006 tc -0.007 tw [(t)110(ahsin kahlid)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 136.896 561.871 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0057 tc (,)tj 0.48167 0 td -0.006 tc -0.007 tw (ms \(science education and marine zoology\),phd \(science)tj -6.87127 -1.30001 td -0.011 tc -0.001 tw [(and envir)18(onmental education\), is )37(assistant pr)18(ofessor in the department of)]tj 0 -1.3 td 0 tc 0 tw [(early &)-250(special education at southeast missouri state university)111(.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 209.0085 501.271 tm 0 0 0 1 k (references)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 73 479.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.01 tc -0.002 tw [(anderson, r.d., & mitchener)75(, c.p)129(. (1994). resear)18(ch on science teacher education. in)]tj 2 -1.16667 td -0.022 tc 0.01 tw (d. gabel (ed.), )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 148.7699 469.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.022 tc 0.01 tw [(handbook of r)19(e)1(s)1(e)1(a)1(r)18(ch on science teaching and learning)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 338.0934 469.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.022 tc 0.01 tw ((pp. 3-44) new)tj -27.45482 -1.16667 td 0 tc (y)tj 0.5752 0 td 0 tw [(ork: macmillan publishing company)111(.)]tj -2.5752 -1.16667 td 0.003 tc 0.122 tw [(arnaudin, m.w)92(., & mintez, j.j. (1985). 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 alternative conceptions of the)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw [(human cir)18(culatory system: )37(a)-195(cr)18(oss-age study)110(. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 272.6919 437.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (science education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 338.9263 437.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 343.4263 437.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (69)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 352.4263 437.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.49995 0 td (721-733.)tj -31.54732 -1.16667 td 0.008 tw (augustine, n. (1998). what we don\325t know does hurt us: how scientific illiteracy)tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tw [(hobbles society)111(. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 155.1799 416.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (science)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 182.0129 416.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 186.5129 416.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (279)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 200.0129 416.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.49996 0 td (1640-1641.)tj -14.6125 -1.16667 td 0.02 tw [(ausubel, d.p)129(. (1968). educational psychology: )37(a)-215(cognitive view)92(. new )18(y)91(ork: holt,)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tw [(rinehart and w)55(inston, inc.)]tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.004 tc (beiswenger)tj 5.01606 0 td -0.0039 tc (,)tj 0.48356 0 td -0.004 tc -0.009 tw (r.e., stepans, j.i., & mcclur)tj 12.13625 0 td (g, p)tj 1.50681 0 td (.a. (1998). developing science courses)tj -17.14268 -1.16668 td -0.003 tc [(for pr)18(ospective elementary teachers. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 235.8297 374.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(journal of college science t)110(eachers)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 360.9388 374.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0033 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 365.2967 374.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc (27)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 374.2375 374.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0033 tc (,)tj 0.48412 0 td -0.003 tc (253-)tj -31.95494 -1.16667 td 0 tc (258.)tj -2 -1.16667 td 0.01 tc 0.115 tw (boyes, e., & stanisstr)tj 9.83693 0 td (eet, m. (1992). 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325 per)tj 12.99613 0 td (ceptions of global warming.)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 91 343.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(international journal of envir)18(onmental studies)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 263.3008 343.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 267.8008 343.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (42)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 276.8008 343.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.49995 0 td (287-300.)tj -23.14448 -1.16667 td -0.007 tw (boyes, e., & stanisstr)tj 9.25718 0 td [(eet, m. (1993). the gr)18(eenhouse ef)17(fect: childr)18(en\325s per)18(ceptions)]tj -7.25718 -1.16667 td -0.008 tc -0.004 tw (of causes, consequences and cur)tj 13.89385 0 td 0 tw (es. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 228.3378 322.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 tc -0.004 tw (international journal of science education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 379.5797 322.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0081 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 383.8946 322.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 tc (15)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 392.7494 322.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj -33.52771 -1.16667 td (531-552.)tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.017 tc 0.004 tw (boyes, e., chuckran, d., & stanisstr)tj 15.09211 0 td (eet, m. (1993). how do high school 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 per-)tj -13.09211 -1.16667 td -0.011 tc -0.001 tw (ceive global climatic change: what ar)tj 15.97192 0 td -0.0112 tc (e)tj 0.70518 0 td -0.011 tc (its manifestations? what ar)tj 11.70054 0 td -0.0112 tc (e)tj 0.70512 0 td -0.011 tc (its origins?)tj -29.08277 -1.16667 td -0.012 tc [(what corr)18(ective action can be taken? )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 234.4819 280.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 tc -0.001 tw [(journal of science education and t)110(echnology)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 392.7496 280.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 91 269.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 95.5 269.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.49995 0 td (541-557.)tj -2.99995 -1.16667 td 0.009 tw (boyes, e., chamber)tj 8.5192 0 td (,)tj 0.5085 0 td (w)tj 0.9082 0 td (., & stanisstr)tj 5.56876 0 td (eet, m. (1995). t)tj 6.94322 0 td (rainee primary teachers\325 ideas)tj -20.44788 -1.16668 td 0 tw [(about the ozone layer)73(. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 180.6638 248.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(envir)18(onmental education resear)17(ch)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 309.1489 248.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 313.6489 248.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (1)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 318.1489 248.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k ((2), 133-145.)tj -27.23877 -1.16667 td 0.075 tw [(christidou, v)129(., & koulaidis, v)129(. (1996). childr)18(en\325s models of the ozone layer and)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tw (ozone depletion. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 159.4602 227.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (resear)tj 2.64868 0 td (ch in science education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 269.6992 227.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 274.1992 227.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (26)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 283.1992 227.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.49995 0 td (421-436.)tj -23.85541 -1.16667 td -0.008 tc (dor)tj 1.67327 0 td -0.005 tw (ough, d., r)tj 4.84588 0 td (ye, j.a., & rubba, p)tj 8.34928 0 td -0.0079 tc (.)tj 0.47956 0 td -0.008 tc 0 tw ((1995). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 239.0164 217.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 tc -0.005 tw (fifth and sixth grade 世界æ¯2022赛程表淘汰赛 \325)tj 12.30819 0 td 0 tw (explanations)tj -28.75446 -1.16667 td -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(of global warming and ozone: conceptions formed prior to classr)19(oom instruction)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 368.3092 206.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0202 tc (.)tj 0.46719 0 td -0.02 tc (paper)tj -31.27932 -1.16667 td -0.0117 tc (pr)tj 0.95541 0 td -0.011 tc -0.001 tw (esented at the national )tj 10.14648 0 td (association for resear)tj 9.6014 0 td [(ch in science t)92(eaching )37(annual)]tj -20.70329 -1.16668 td 0 tc 0 tw (meeting, san francisco, ca. )tj 12.64502 0 td (april, 1995.)tj -14.64502 -1.16667 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(dove, j. (1996). student teacher understanding of the gr)17(eenhouse ef)18(fect, ozone)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (layer depletion and acid rain. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 210.0698 164.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(envir)18(onmental education resear)17(ch)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 338.5549 164.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 343.0549 164.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 347.5549 164.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.49994 0 td (89-100.)tj -31.00604 -1.16667 td -0.007 tc -0.005 tw [(d)1(r)1(i)1(v)1(e)1(r)75(, r., guesne, e., & t)55(i)1(b)1(e)1(r)18(g)1(h)1(i)1(e)1(n)1(,)1( )38(a. (1985). )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 254.9137 154.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tc -0.005 tw [(childr)18(e)1(n)155(s ideas and the learning of sci-)]tj -18.21263 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw [(ence. childr)17(en\325)55(s ideas in science)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 206.0994 143.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 tc (.)tj 0.49969 0 td 0 tc [(philadelphia, p)92(a: open university pr)17(ess.)]tj -15.28852 -1.16667 td 0.005 tw [(francis, c., boyes, e., qualter)74(, )37(a., stanisstr)18(eet, m. (1993). ideas of elementary stu-)]tj 2 -1.16667 td -0.001 tw [(dents about r)17(educing the \322gr)18(eenhouse ef)18(fect.\323 )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 278.5526 122.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 tw (science education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 344.7765 122.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 349.266 122.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (77)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 358.266 122.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.49878 0 td (375-392.)tj -32.195 -1.1667 td -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(gallegos, l., jer)18(ezano, m.e., & flor)18(es, f)92(. (1994). pr)17(econceptions and r)19(elations used)]tj 2 -1.1667 td 0 tc 0.098 tw [(by childr)17(en in the constr)8(uction of food chains. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 282.6439 101.9709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.098 tw [(journal of resear)18(ch in science)]tj -21.2938 -1.1667 td (t)tj 0.5 0 td 0 tw (eaching)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 123.1614 91.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 127.6614 91.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (31)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 136.6614 91.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.49995 0 td (259-272.)tj -7.5734 -1.1667 td -0.006 tc -0.006 tw [(g)1(r)18(oves, f)92(.h., & pugh, )37(a.f)91(. (1999). elementary pr)18(e-service teacher per)18(ception of the)]tj 2 -1.1667 td 0 tc 0 tw (gr)tj 0.9329 0 td (eenhouse ef)tj 5.21607 0.00001 td (fect. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 165.072 70.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (journal of science education & t)tj 13.35791 0.00001 td (echnology)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 321.4492 70.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 325.9492 70.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (8)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 330.4492 70.4709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.49993 0 td (75-81.)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (pre-ser)tj 3.4551 0 td (vice )tj 2.1235 0 td (t)tj 0.55102 0.00001 td (eac)tj 1.65796 0.00001 td (her)tj 1.54077 0.00001 td [<73d5>-198(misconceptions)-18535(119)]tj et q endstream endobj 22 0 obj << /length 6652 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 37 586.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tc -0.005 tw [(hooper)74(, j.k. (1988). t)92(eacher cognitions of wildlife management concepts. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 323.8903 586.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tc -0.005 tw (journal of)tj -29.8767 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw [(envir)18(onmental education)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 149.2341 575.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 153.7341 575.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (19)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 162.7341 575.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.49993 0 td (15-19.)tj -14.47039 -1.16667 td -0.023 tc 0.01 tw [(khalid, t)74(. (2000). )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 102.7067 565.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.023 tc 0.01 tw [(pr)18(e-service elementary teachers\325)-185(misconceptions with r)17(espect to thr)17(ee envi-)]tj -5.30074 -1.16667 td 0.02 tc 0.158 tw [(r)18(onmental issues)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 120.391 554.9038 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0199 tc (.)tj 0.6981 0 td 0.02 tc 0.158 tw [(unpublished doctoral dissertation, indiana university)112(,)]tj -7.96377 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (bloomington.)tj -2 -1.16667 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(lor)18(d, t)74(.r. (1999). )37(a)-182(comparison between traditional and constr)8(uctivist teaching in)]tj 2 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw [(envir)18(onmental science. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 148.353 523.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(journal of envir)18(onmental education)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 280.5735 523.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 285.0735 523.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (30)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 294.0735 523.4038 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.49993 0 td (22-28.)tj -29.06365 -1.16667 td 0.056 tw [(maurice, h. st. 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