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-1.30001 td 0 tc 0 tw (is an issue of active carbon management rather than passive disposal.)tj 1.8 -1.30001 td 0.036 tw (if the match between the metaphor and the scientific concept is bad,)tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.023 tw [(then the af)17(fective impact of the )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 213.3323 520.671 tm 0 0 0 1 k (sink)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 232.7281 520.671 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.023 tw (metaphor is far worse. the compact)tj -15.97281 -1.3 td -0.014 tc 0.002 tw [(oxfor)17(d dictionary (1991) lists one hundr)18(ed and one dif)19(f)1(e)1(r)18(ent usages for the)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(wor)18(d )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 99.6698 494.671 tm 0 0 0 1 k (sink)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 116.3348 494.671 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (,)tj 0.54907 0 td 0 tc 0.049 tw [(none of them positive. )37(as a noun it is \322a r)18(eceptacle of foul or)]tj -4.88255 -1.3 td 0.013 tw [(waste material\323 (p. 1774). in medieval times it r)18(eferr)17(ed to \322a collection of)]tj t* 0.026 tw (unsavoury or objectionable matters.\323 the metaphors associated with the)tj t* -0.019 tc 0 tw (noun )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 97.7319 455.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.019 tc (sink)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 116.0062 455.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.019 tc 0.007 tw [(ar)18(e similarly negative. if something has disappear)18(ed without ben)-1(-)]tj -4.30062 -1.3 td 0 tc -0.005 tw [(efit then it is \322down the sink.\323 )36(a)-190(person with a \322mind like a sink\323 r)18(eflects)]tj t* -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(the old view that sinks ar)17(e wher)18(e \322the scum or dr)18(egs or a place or set of per-)]tj t* -0.017 tc 0.004 tw (sons\323 collect. similarly)tj 9.56943 0 td -0.0166 tc (,)tj 0.47082 0 td -0.017 tc [(the \322sinks of the body\323 wer)17(e the or)18(gans or excr)17(etion)]tj -10.04025 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.043 tw [(in biology textbooks fr)17(om ar)18(ound the turn of last century)110(. )37(as a verb )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 378.335 403.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (sink)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 390.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.006 tc 0.119 tw [(far)18(es no better)73(. no-one wishes to \323sink into depr)18(ession.\323 t)92(o sink is to)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [18(educe or bring to r)7(uin a low estate\323 wher)18(e something will \322fall, lapse or)]tj t* 0.008 tc 0.117 tw (degenerate into some inferior or unsatisfactory state or condition\323 \(p.)tj t* 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(1774\). it is the opposite of swim; that is, it is a failur)18(e to cope. )18(y)91(ou go)]tj t* -0.025 tc 0.012 tw [(down by sinking, bringing to mind lakof)17(f and johnson\325s constr)9(uction of )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 379.087 338.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.025 tc (sad-)tj -30.6087 -1.3 td 0 tc (ness)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 90.2241 325.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 95.0985 325.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 tw (lack of contr)tj 4.87911 0 td 0 tw (ol)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 151.1052 325.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 155.9795 325.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 tw (low status)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 197.2162 325.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 202.0906 325.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (depravity)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 242.7828 325.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (and )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 262.0823 325.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (death)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 286.1095 325.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (with )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 308.8067 325.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (down)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 333.3961 325.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (\(and )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 356.0225 325.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (sink)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 372.6851 325.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (\))tj 0.57035 0 td 0 tc -0.012 tw (as a)tj -30.53886 -1.3 td 0 tw [(single coher)18(ent metaphor with negative connotations. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.012 tw [(t)1(h)1(e)1(r)19(e is no need to use the )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 210.4156 299.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (sink)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 229.444 299.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 tw [(metaphor)74(. ther)18(e ar)17(e many others that)]tj -15.6444 -1.3 td -0.007 tw [(r)18(etain familiarity)110(, but ar)17(e mor)18(e appr)18(opriate in form and af)18(fect. )36(a)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 357.1265 286.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(r)18(eservoir)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 392.5001 286.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj -31.95001 -1.3 td -0.01 tc -0.003 tw [(such as a water r)18(eservoir)74(, is still a r)18(eceptacle, but one associated with a val-)]tj t* -0.025 tc 0.012 tw [(ued r)18(esour)18(ce. it also conjur)18(es up a system wher)18(e the r)17(egulation of inputs and)]tj t* -0.007 tc -0.006 tw (outflows is important if adequate r)tj 15.1171 0 td (eserves ar)tj 4.30022 0 td -0.0066 tc (e)tj 0.70981 0 td -0.007 tc (to be maintained. however)tj 11.82297 0 td 0 tc (,)tj -31.9501 -1.30001 td -0.002 tc -0.011 tw (it suf)tj 2.18598 0 td (fers as the image of a vast and impersonal expanse under the contr)tj 29.17909 0 td 0 tw (ol)tj -31.36507 -1.30001 td 0 tc [(of some lar)18(ge authority; that is, )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 212.8437 221.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k [(someone else\325)55(s pr)17(oblem)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 309.5112 221.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (.)tj -21.85112 -1.3 td (a)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 100.4967 208.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 tc [(stor)17(e)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 119.2157 208.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0108 tc (,)tj 0.47658 0 td -0.011 tc -0.002 tw [(such as a grain stor)18(e, is smaller)74(, but r)17(etains the need to r)18(egulate)]tj -5.09815 -1.3 td -0.009 tc -0.004 tw (inputs and outflows, and highlights the need to have some r)tj 26.03104 0 td (eserves. in the)tj -26.03104 -1.3 td 0 tc -0.002 tw [(curr)18(ent climate of economic rationalism the metaphor of a bank might be)]tj t* -0.008 tc -0.005 tw [(one way to develop this theme further)74(. )37(a)-183(carbon )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 284.4397 169.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 tc (bank)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 305.5763 169.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 tc -0.005 tw [(would pr)18(ovide \322aes-)]tj -23.25763 -1.3 td -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(thetic\323 inter)17(est in the form of pr)18(eserved wilderness. however)74(, a bank \(and)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(to a lesser degr)18(ee a stor)18(e\) can operate on borr)17(owed capital. the earth can-)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(not borr)17(ow fr)18(om other planets. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.02 tw [(a)-214(possible solution pr)17(esents itself by combining the notion of a bank)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td -0.009 tc -0.004 tw (while r)tj 3.0372 0 td [(eversing one further definition of sinking wher)17(e one )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 331.7095 104.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.009 tc (invests)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 361.7949 104.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.009 tc (unpr)tj 2.1268 0.00001 td (of-)tj -31.0063 -1.3 td 0 tc (itably)tj 2.4055 0 td -0.0002 tc (,)tj 0.5867 0 td 0 tc 0.087 tw (losing money in unfortunate )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 235.2028 91.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (investment)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 280.2003 91.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.58674 0 td 0 tc 0.087 tw (the metaphor of carbon)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 78.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (investment)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 121.3646 78.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.087 tw [(pr)17(ovides us with a positive metaphor for a positive envir)19(on)-1(-)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (w)tj 0.904 0 td (a)tj 0.5462 0 td (ging the )tj 4.0857 0 td (w)tj 0.90406 0.00001 td (ar of the )tj 4.1416 0.00001 td [(w)60(or)19(ds:)-238(global )80(w)40(arming or heating?)-9444(55)]tj et q endstream endobj 8 0 obj << /length 5637 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 tc -0.012 tw [(mental action. the compact oxfor)18(d dictionary (1991) defines investment)]tj 0 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.04 tw [(as \322the employment (of money) in the pur)17(chase of anything fr)18(om which)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.007 tc -0.006 tw [(inter)17(est or pr)18(ofit is expected\323 (p. 874). investment is both an active pr)17(ocess)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.022 tc 0.01 tw [(and a pr)18(ocess of choice about how valuables ar)18(e allocated. it r)18(ecognizes how)]tj t* 0.003 tc 0.122 tw [(our pr)18(esent actions determine our ability to fulfil futur)17(e needs. in this)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.014 tc 0.001 tw [(manner it encompasses the positive qualities of car)18(e, planning, and contr)18(ol. )]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.005 tc 0.12 tw [(as well as having the appr)18(opriate af)17(fective impact, carbon invest-)]tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.054 tw (ment has many similarities in form to economic investment. investment)tj t* -0.01 tc -0.002 tw [(implies the active management of r)18(esour)18(ces. t)90(wo time horizons ar)18(e impor-)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(tant in both investments. liquidity is pr)17(ovided thr)18(ough easily convertible)]tj t* 0 tc 0.008 tw [(r)18(esour)18(ces. in carbon investment this liquidity comes in the form of living)]tj t* -0.02 tc 0.007 tw (vegetation that ties up the carbon in non-gaseous compounds for short peri-)tj t* -0.002 tc -0.011 tw [(ods (geologically speaking) until it is r)18(eleased by burning, r)17(otting, or sim-)]tj t* -0.006 tc -0.007 tw (ilar chemical r)tj 6.16906 0 td (eactions. long-term investment is in the form of fossil fuels,)tj -6.16906 -1.3 td 0.001 tc 0.124 tw [(such as coal and oil, that ar)18(e not pr)18(one to conversion to gaseous com-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.05 tw [(pounds by virtue of their chemical str)8(uctur)17(e or anoxic location. the car)1(-)]tj t* 0.012 tw [(bonate and bicarbonate in the oceans forms a sort of government r)18(eserve)]tj t* 0.025 tw [(that is r)17(egulated by overall economic conditions, but \(as has been appr)18(e-)]tj t* -0.025 tc 0.012 tw [(ciated by monetarist economists\) has limited potential as a means to r)18(egulate)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(the carbon economy)111(.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td 0.012 tw (the investment metaphor may also spur some lateral thinking about)tj -1.8 -1.3 td 0.008 tc 0.117 tw [(the pr)17(oblem. firstly it makes it much clear)18(er how pr)18(one liquidity)110(, via)]tj t* 0.016 tc 0.109 tw [(planting schemes such as the carbon cr)18(edits pr)18(oposals, is to political)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.012 tw (manipulation. similarly it opens the possibility that alternative long-term)tj t* -0.008 tc -0.005 tw [(carbon investment schemes will be formulated. )37(assets ar)19(e r)17(eformulated as)]tj t* -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(compounds that lock carbon out of the atmospher)18(e, rather than those that)]tj t* 0 tc 0.125 tw (can be used as fuel. since the r)tj 14.27109 0 td 0 tw (equir)tj 2.31111 0 td 0.125 tw (ed r)tj 1.84276 0 td 0 tw (esour)tj 2.43025 0 td 0.125 tw (ce for this carbon invest)tj 11.01215 0 td (-)tj -31.86736 -1.30001 td -0.025 tc 0.012 tw (ment is non-gaseous, carbon-rich compounds \(as opposed to the volatile car)tj 31.86717 0 td 0 tc (-)tj -31.86717 -1.3 td -0.003 tc 0 tw (bon-containing )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 106.0359 221.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc (liquidity)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 142.7452 221.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.009 tw [(in fuels that burn to cr)17(eate a carbon )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 299.3911 221.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc (debt)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 316.1059 221.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.009 tw (\), we may)tj -27.91059 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.006 tw [(start considering our industrial or)18(ganic waste that satisfies these r)17(equir)18(e-)]tj t* 0.007 tw (ments, such as plastics, less as a liability and mor)tj 21.71234 0 td -0.0001 tc (e)tj 0.73607 0 td (as)tj 1.18098 0 td 0 tc (an asset. the use of)tj -23.6294 -1.3 td -0.007 tw [(car tyr)17(es to make artificial r)18(eefs becomes a carbon investment as well as a)]tj t* 0 tw [(fish habitat. burning them is the wonton destr)7(uction of an asset.)]tj 1.8 -1.3 td -0.003 tc -0.01 tw [(in summary)111(, the wor)18(ds we use )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 191.5922 156.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc (do)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 203.3512 156.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.003 tc -0.01 tw (matter; they shape the way we look)tj -16.63512 -1.3 td 0 tc 0.021 tw [(at the world. the use of wor)18(ds with positive associations \(such as gr)19(een-)]tj t* -0.018 tc 0.005 tw [(house\) for negative concepts, or the use of wor)18(ds with negative associations)]tj t* 0 tc 0.117 tw [((such as sink) for positive concepts cr)19(eates a cognitive confusion that i)]tj t* 0.113 tw (believe has r)tj 5.7437 0 td [(esulted in mor)18(e muted support for the political and social)]tj -5.7437 -1.3 td -0.022 tc 0.009 tw (actions that ar)tj 5.9171 0 td -0.0217 tc (e)tj 0.6946 0 td -0.022 tc (needed to avert the devastating ef)tj 14.27644 0.00001 td (fects of global heating. the)tj -20.8882 -1.3 td 0 tc -0.012 tw [(unfortunate tr)7(uth is that once coined, a buzzwor)18(d is next to impossible to)]tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 36 53.86 m 360 53.86 l s 0 0 0 0 k 36 38.9391 324 11.858 re f 36 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 36 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 tc (56)tj 31.61593 0.00001 td 0 tc (da)tj 1.26294 0.00001 td (vid c.)tj 2.96021 0.00001 td (lake)tj et q endstream endobj 9 0 obj << /length 6976 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 72 63 324 531 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.037 tw [(extinguish. thomas kuhn, who popularised the wor)18(d )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 315.5283 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (paradigm)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 353.8511 585.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (,)tj 0.53679 0 td 0 tc 0.037 tw (found it)tj -28.6219 -1.30001 td 0.01 tc 0.115 tw [(became out of contr)18(ol, losing its original meaning, while r)18(etaining its)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(a)1(f)19(fective attraction \(hor)17(gan, 1996\). when )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 255.6971 559.671 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.002 tc -0.01 tw [(g)1(r)18(eenhouse gases)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 326.0385 559.671 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.002 tc (and )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 345.272 559.671 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.002 tc -0.01 tw (carbon sinks)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 546.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.02 tc 0.007 tw [(pass fr)18(om the scientific community into the wider community much of their)]tj 0 -1.30001 td -0.011 tc -0.001 tw [(discipline-specific content is lost; only their af)18(fective impact r)18(emains intact.)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.023 tc 0.011 tw [(science places gr)18(eat stor)18(e on pr)17(ecision in its definitions. in futur)18(e mor)18(e atten-)]tj t* 0 tc 0.006 tw [(tion needs to be paid to the emotional links in the metaphors we employ)110(.)]tj t* -0.01 tw [(for the pr)17(esent we need to consider actively r)18(eassessing our terminology)111(.)]tj t* 0.002 tw (let\325s start with talking about heat )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 224.4901 481.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (traps)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 247.5575 481.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.002 tw (and carbon )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 299.7225 481.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (investments)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 351.1322 481.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.002 tw (when dis-)tj -27.81322 -1.3 td 0 tw (cussing global )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 10 0 0 10 138.5908 468.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (heating)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 168.5835 468.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.49977 0 td 0 tc [(it might win mor)18(e understanding and support.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 185.1279 434.071 tm 0 0 0 1 k (notes on contributor)tj -11.21279 -2.38 td -0.01 tc -0.003 tw (david lake)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 127.4298 410.2709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.01 tc -0.003 tw [(is a lectur)18(er in science, science education and envir)19(onmental)]tj -5.44298 -1.3 td 0.003 tc 0.121 tw (education at mur)tj 8.06329 0 td [(doch university in w)92(estern )37(australia. he has taught)]tj -8.06329 -1.30001 td 0 tc 0.002 tw [(envir)18(onmental education for twenty years at primary)110(, secondary and ter-)]tj 0 -1.3 td -0.009 tc -0.004 tw [(tiary level, in )36(australia and papua new guinea, both in the classr)17(oom and)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw (in the field. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f1 1 tf 10 0 0 10 209.0085 323.6709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (references)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 73 302.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (adams, d. (1982). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 146.2129 302.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (life, the universe and everything)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 265.4673 302.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.49985 0 td 0 tc (london: pan.)tj -21.88511 -1.16667 td -0.013 tc 0.001 tw (ausbel, d. (1968). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 143.3463 291.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.013 tc 0.001 tw (educational psychology: a)tj 10.65291 0 td (cognitive view)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 289.9598 291.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0134 tc (.)tj 0.47402 0 td -0.013 tc (new )tj 2.32356 0 td 0 tc (y)tj 0.5619 0 td -0.013 tc 0.001 tw (ork: holt, rinehart,)tj -25.46612 -1.16667 td 0 tc (&)tj 1.028 0 td 0 tw [(w)55(inston. )]tj -3.028 -1.16667 td (driver)tj 2.82398 0 td -0.0001 tc (,)tj 0.50521 0 td 0 tc 0.005 tw (r. & oldham, v)tj 6.9571 0 td -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.50523 0 td 0 tc [((1985). )37(a)-200(constr)7(uctivist appr)18(oach to curriculum develop-)]tj -8.79152 -1.16668 td 0 tw (ment in science. )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 156.551 260.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (studies in science education)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 261.7913 260.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 266.2913 260.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (13)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 275.2913 260.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,105-122. )tj -22.47681 -1.16667 td (hor)tj 1.75463 0 td (gan, j. (1996). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 144.0156 249.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (the end of science)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 209.092 249.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.4998 0 td 0 tc (london: little, br)tj 7.78805 0 td (own & co.)tj -23.40918 -1.16667 td (houghton, j. (1994). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 154.6306 239.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (global warming: the complete briefing)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 293.3506 239.3709 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0002 tc (.)tj 0.49968 0 td 0 tc (oxfor)tj 2.5577 0 td (d: lion.)tj -27.54077 -1.16667 td 0.014 tc (lakof)tj 2.5964 0 td 0.111 tw (f, g. & johnson, m. (1980). )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 212.3003 228.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.014 tc 0.111 tw (metaphors we live by)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 295.1754 228.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.0137 tc (.)tj 0.63853 0 td 0.014 tc 0.111 tw (chicago: university of)tj -23.32469 -1.16667 td 0 tc 0 tw (chicago pr)tj 4.85791 0 td (ess.)tj -6.85791 -1.16667 td (lowe, i. (2000). )tj 6.93505 0 td [(a)-195(changing climate. )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 216.6638 207.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (new scientist)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 267.5723 207.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f2 1 tf 9 0 0 9 272.0723 207.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (2256)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 9 0 0 9 290.0723 207.8709 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj 0.5 0 td (52.)tj -24.61914 -1.16667 td 0.014 tc (oxfor)tj 2.62951 0 td 0.0143 tc (d)tj 1.00021 0 td 0.014 tc 0.111 tw (compact dictionary)tj 9.22142 0 td 0.0143 tc (.)tj 0.6392 0 td 0.014 tc ((1991). oxfor)tj 6.02126 0 td 0.0143 tc (d)tj 1.00018 0 td 0.014 tc (compact dictionary\(2nd edition,)tj -18.51178 -1.16668 td 0 tc (r)tj 0.37696 0 td 0 tw (epr)tj 1.45654 0 td (oduced micr)tj 5.53734 0 td (ographically\). oxfor)tj 8.94141 0 td (d:)tj 1.11085 0 td (clar)tj 1.8767 0 td (endon pr)tj 4.02979 0 td (ess.)tj et 1 w 0 0 0 1 k 72 53.842 m 396 53.842 l s 0 0 0 0 k 72 38.921 324 11.857 re f 72 38.902 324 11.8581 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 72 44.6589 tm 0 0 0 1 k (w)tj 0.904 0 td (a)tj 0.5462 0 td (ging the )tj 4.0857 0 td (w)tj 0.90406 0.00001 td (ar of the )tj 4.1416 0.00001 td [(w)60(or)19(ds:)-238(global )80(w)40(arming or heating?)-9444(57)]tj et q endstream endobj 10 0 obj << /nums[0<>] >> endobj 11 0 obj << /type/encoding /differences[32/space 44/comma 46/period 48/zero/one/two/three 53/five/six/seven 58/colon 63/question 67/c/d/e 71/g/h 74/j 76/l 83/s 87/w 97/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i 107/k/l/m/n/o/p 114/r/s/t/u/v] /baseencoding/macromanencoding >> endobj 12 0 obj << /subtype/type1c /length 3524 /length1 3524 >> stream cbyjls+helvetica-bold@øøøøøû>ûwú}úw ‹‹ ‹‹ y² €•002.001copyright © 1994-1997 stream technologies inc. all rights reserved. helsinki is a trademark of stream technologies inc.helsinki boldhelsinki($boej+pvsmg&wnfud 4qh8it(c) %-l*a¶ˆÐ2z]•Ü#h·ãák‘”ÿxÅó^¥  6 œ ü & Œ  o d  ´ ì-x÷÷™÷÷÷ ¦÷÷`÷$ø–÷€÷0ìûzg€na¥÷.÷´÷ ü[ü÷†®©›¶‹Ë´y>:avkqmªÎûû•â>÷ ÷*ïñ÷--‹÷øh÷ 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