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q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 491.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k (written)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 102.9927 491.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (,)tj 0.54912 0 td 0 tc -0.007 tw [(which invites us all t)19(o choose up sides and ha)18(v)19(e a t)19(ournament or a)]tj -3.54839 -1.2 td -0.022 tc 0.008 tw [(w)19(ar betw)19(een the p)55(eople of the mouth and the p)56(eople of the hand. t)148(alking and)]tj t* 0.007 tc 0.132 tw [(writing ar)19(e differ)18(ent, it\325)37(s true)56(, but those ar)19(e only tw)18(o of man)19(y w)19(a)19(y)19(s t)18(o)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.013 tw [(speak, and the)19(y can enter int)18(o man)19(y sorts of partner)19(ships and collusions\321)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(which, b)19(y the w)18(a)19(y)111(, is what is happening her)19(e and no)19(w)111(.)]tj 1.8 -1.2 td -0.004 tc -0.01 tw [(l)19(anguage isn\325t confined t)19(o the sy)18(stem of mouth and ear an)19(y mor)18(e than)]tj -1.8 -1.2 td 0 tc -0.003 tw [(emotions ar)19(e r)18(estricted t)19(o the br)19(east or dancing t)18(o the feet. ther)19(e isn\325t an)19(y)]tj t* -0.008 tw [(one or)19(gan or one anat)18(omical pr)19(ocess t)19(o which language is confined. and if)]tj t* 0 tw [(that is true of language)56(, it is true of st)18(ories t)19(oo.)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 11 0 0 11 229.7353 362.3616 tm 0 0 0 1 k (iv)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73 339.5616 tm 0 0 0 1 k (humans)tj 3.59253 0 td -0.0001 tc (,)tj 0.56295 0 td 0 tc 0.007 tw [(in an)19(y case)55(, send messages)37(. analytical linguists par)19(se these mes-)]tj -4.15548 -1.20001 td -0.004 tc -0.01 tw [(sages int)19(o components\321phonemes)36(, morphemes)37(, suffix)19(es)37(, pr)18(efix)19(es)36(, infix)19(es)37(,)]tj 0 -1.2 td -0.022 tc 0.008 tw [(r)19(oots)37(, particles)37(,)1( )1(w)19(o)1(r)20(d)1(s)37(, phr)19(ases)37(, clauses)36(, sentences)37(. a lot of linguists st)19(op ther)18(e)56(,)]tj t* -0.001 tc -0.013 tw (just at the point wher)tj 9.1488 0 td [(e)56(, f)19(or me)55(, the study of language gets most inter)19(esting.)]tj -7.3488 -1.2 td -0.0164 tc (a)tj 0.87748 0 td -0.016 tc 0.002 tw [(st)19(ory is t)18(o the sentence as a tr)19(ee is t)19(o the twig. and a liter)18(atur)19(e is t)19(o the)]tj -2.67748 -1.2 td -0.005 tc -0.009 tw [(st)19(ory as the f)18(or)19(est is t)18(o the tr)19(ee)56(. l)19(anguage\321that met)19(aphor\321is the w)18(ood the)]tj t* -0.023 tc 0.009 tw [(tr)19(ee is made of, an engineer might sa)18(y)111(, but a biologist w)19(ould notice something)]tj t* -0.022 tc 0.008 tw [(else)56(. the w)19(ood the tr)18(ee is made of is cr)19(eated b)19(y the tr)19(e)-1(e)54(. st)19(ories mak)19(e the lan-)]tj t* -0.006 tc -0.008 tw [(guage the)19(y ar)18(e made of. the)19(y mak)19(e it and k)18(eep it aliv)19(e)56(. y)79(ou can kill the tr)19(ee)]tj t* -0.018 tc 0.004 tw [(and t)19(ak)18(e the w)19(ood, kill the st)19(ory and t)18(ak)19(e the language)56(, kill the earth and t)18(ak)19(e)]tj t* -0.016 tc 0.002 tw [(the or)19(e)55(, kill the riv)19(er and t)19(ak)18(e the w)19(ater\321but if y)19(ou r)18(eally w)19(ant t)19(o under)18(st)19(and)]tj t* 0 tc 0.028 tw [(the w)19(ood, the w)18(ater)111(, the or)19(e)56(, y)18(ou ha)19(v)19(e t)18(o encounter them in the tr)19(ees)37(, the)]tj t* -0.014 tc 0 tw [(riv)19(er)18(s)37(, the earth. and if y)19(ou r)18(eally w)19(ant t)19(o under)19(st)18(and the language)56(, y)19(ou ha)18(v)19(e)]tj t* 0 tc [(t)19(o encounter it in the st)19(ories b)18(y which it w)19(as made)56(.)]tj 1.8 -1.2 td (what\325)tj 2.55566 0 td -0.0002 tc (s)tj 0.83457 0 td 0 tc 0.131 tw [(mor)19(e)56(, if y)18(ou r)19(eally w)18(ant t)19(o under)19(st)18(and the tr)19(ee)56(, y)18(ou ha)19(v)19(e t)19(o)]tj -5.19023 -1.2 td 0.036 tw (encounter it in the f)tj 8.69769 0 td [(or)19(est. if y)18(ou w)19(ant t)18(o under)19(st)19(and the riv)18(er)111(, y)19(ou ha)18(v)19(e t)19(o)]tj -8.69769 -1.2 td 0.01 tw [(e)19(xplor)18(e the w)19(ater)19(shed. if y)19(ou w)18(ant t)19(o under)18(st)19(and the st)19(ory)110(, y)19(ou ha)19(v)18(e t)19(o go)]tj t* 0 tw (be)tj 1.03711 0.00001 td (y)tj 0.5 0.00001 td (ond it, int)tj 4.20288 0 td -0.0001 tc (o)tj 0.81474 0 td 0 tc (the ecosy)tj 4.07418 0.00001 td [(stem of st)19(ories)36(.)]tj -8.82891 -1.20002 td -0.007 tc -0.007 tw [(i)1(f)1( )1(y)20(ou\325ll f)18(o)1(r)20(giv)19(e me)55(, i\325ll mak)19(e a little det)19(o)1(u)1(r)1( )1(h)1(e)1(r)20(e int)18(o the dr)19(eary r)19(ealm of)]tj -1.8 -1.2 td -0.009 tc -0.005 tw [(terminology)111(. i ha)18(v)19(e not liv)18(ed f)19(or the thousand y)19(ear)18(s it w)19(ould t)19(ak)18(e t)19(o become)]tj t* -0.012 tc 0 tw (conv)tj 2.0066 0 td (er)tj 0.8269 0 td -0.002 tw (sant with all fiv)tj 6.36281 0.00001 td -0.0122 tc (e)tj 0.75183 0 td -0.012 tc 0 tw (hundr)tj 2.51341 0.00001 td -0.002 tw [(ed nativ)19(e north american languages)37(, but as f)18(ar)]tj -12.4616 -1.2 td 0.001 tc 0.138 tw [(as i\325v)19(e been able t)18(o mak)19(e out, most of these languages distinguish tw)19(o)]tj t* -0.006 tc -0.008 tw [(major kinds of st)19(ories: those that occur in m)18(ythtime and those that occur in)]tj et 0 0 0 0 k 72 17.4601 324 23.0399 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 186.4595 33.8348 tm 0 0 0 1 k (the tree of meaning and the work of ecological linguistics)tj et 0 0 0 0 k 395.983 17.496 22.5 23.0401 re f bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 406.3536 33.8708 tm 0 0 0 1 k (15)tj et q endstream endobj 11 0 obj << /length 13581 >> stream /gs0 gs 1 g 0 648 0 0 re f q /gs1 gs 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 532.8 re f 36.429 17.496 323.571 23.0401 re f q /gs1 gs q bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 37.4286 33.8708 tm 0 0 0 1 k (robert bringhurst)tj et 0 0 0 0 k 14.134 17.496 21.866 23.0401 re f bt /f0 1 tf 8.5 0 0 8.5 15.1344 33.8708 tm 0 0 0 1 k (16)tj et 0 0 0 0 k 36 63 324 532.8 re f q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 587.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.042 tw [(human time or hist)19(orical time)55(. in cr)19(ee)56(, f)19(or e)18(x)19(ample)56(, the f)19(ormer ar)18(e called)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 575.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.014 tc [<8974>19(ay\231hk\220win)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 90.6261 575.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.015 tc 0.001 tw (and the latter )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 149.1327 575.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.014 tc (\211cim\231win)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 188.3457 575.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0153 tc (.)tj 0.52666 0 td -0.015 tc 0.001 tw [(in haida, the f)19(ormer ar)18(e )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 297.2632 575.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.014 tc (qqaygaang)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 343.0043 575.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.015 tc (and)tj -30.60043 -1.20001 td -0.001 tc -0.013 tw (the latter )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 78.3555 563.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 tc [(g)-1(y)18(aahlghalang)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 138.2248 563.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0006 tc (.)tj 0.54141 0 td (in)tj 1.13284 0 td -0.001 tc -0.013 tw [(k)37(w)18(akw)19(ala, the f)19(ormer ar)18(e called )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 296.1775 563.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 tc [(nuy)19(em)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 326.3723 563.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.001 tc -0.013 tw (and the)tj -28.93723 -1.20001 td 0 tc 0 tw (latter )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 62.0885 551.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k [<71d561d579>19(ol)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 89.2711 551.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.5461 0 td (in)tj 1.13801 0 td 0 tc -0.01 tw [(osage)56(, the f)19(ormer ar)18(e )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 202.5585 551.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k (h\222go)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 220.3343 551.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (,)tj 0.54612 0 td 0 tc -0.01 tw (the latter )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 267.2722 551.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k (\234thage)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 295.0334 551.9617 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0001 tc (.)tj 0.54608 0 td 0 tc -0.01 tw [(these ar)19(e not)]tj -26.34942 -1.2 td 0.008 tw [(the only names f)19(or liter)18(ary genr)19(es in an)19(y of these languages)37(, but this basic)]tj t* 0.004 tw [(distinction betw)19(een tw)18(o kinds of time)56(, and tw)19(o kinds of st)18(ory)111(, seems t)19(o be)]tj 0 -1.20001 td -0.012 tc -0.002 tw [(import)19(ant. lik)18(e the distinction betw)19(een or)19(al and written, it\325)37(s a distinction w)18(e)]tj 0 -1.19999 td -0.023 tc 0.009 tw [(should be car)19(eful not t)18(o get tr)19(apped in. the gr)19(eatest cr)19(ee st)18(oryteller on r)19(ecor)19(d,)]tj 0 -1.20001 td -0.019 tc 0.005 tw [(k\211-k\224sik\211w-p\224ht)19(ok\220w)110(, lo)19(v)19(ed t)18(o pla)19(y ar)19(ound with this pair of terms in cr)18(ee)56(, call-)]tj 0 -1.2 td 0 tc 0.002 tw [(ing the same st)19(ories )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 126.5106 479.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k [<8974>19(ay\231hk\220win)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 181.8582 479.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.002 tw (at one moment and )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 270.6462 479.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k (\211cim\231win)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 313.7941 479.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k 0.002 tw [(the ne)19(xt\321)]tj -27.67941 -1.2 td -0.001 tc -0.013 tw [(but when his student, the linguist l)19(eonar)18(d bloomfield, tried the same trick,)]tj t* 0 tc 0 tw [(k\211-k\224sik\211w-p\224ht)19(ok\220w corr)18(ected him abruptly)111(.)]tj 1.8 -1.2 td -0.001 tc -0.013 tw [(the etymology of these terms natur)19(ally differ)18(s fr)19(om one language f)19(am-)]tj -1.8 -1.2 td 0.005 tc 0.134 tw [(ily t)19(o another)110(, but consider the tw)19(o cr)19(ee w)18(or)19(ds f)19(or e)18(x)19(ample)56(. the w)18(or)19(d)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 419.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.011 tc (\211cim\231win)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 76.4619 419.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.012 tc (,)tj 0.53003 0 td -0.002 tw [(meaning a st)19(ory set in human time or hist)19(orical time)55(, comes fr)19(om)]tj -4.47622 -1.2 td -0.016 tc 0.002 tw [(the v)19(erb )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 73.9455 407.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.015 tc <8963696d99>tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 98.1875 407.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.016 tc 0.002 tw [(-, which means t)19(o tell, t)18(o e)19(xplain, t)19(o r)18(eport, t)19(o giv)19(e an account.)]tj -6.11875 -1.2 td -0.005 tc -0.009 tw [(the w)19(or)18(d )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 79.9265 395.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.004 tc [<8974>19(ay\231hk\220win)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 132.0225 395.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0045 tc (,)tj 0.53752 0 td -0.005 tc -0.009 tw [(meaning a m)19(yth, a sacr)18(ed st)19(ory)111(, a st)18(ory set in m)19(yth-)]tj -10.03977 -1.2 td 0.002 tc 0.137 tw [(time)56(, is r)18(elated t)19(o\321in f)19(act, on the surf)18(ace)56(, it is identical t)19(o\321one of the)]tj t* 0 tc -0.001 tw [(w)19(or)19(ds f)18(or spirit being or guar)19(dian spirit. is such a st)18(ory mer)19(ely \322something)]tj t* 0 tw [(t)19(old\323? its name appear)19(s t)18(o mean it liv)19(es and br)19(eathes)36(.)]tj 1.8 -1.2 td -0.011 tc -0.003 tw [(it\325)37(s easy t)18(o get int)19(o tr)19(ouble tr)18(anslating these terms int)19(o english. one r)19(ea-)]tj -1.8 -1.2 td -0.006 tc -0.008 tw (son is that english is a v)tj 10.16295 0 td (ery acquisitiv)tj 5.62672 0 td -0.0062 tc (e)tj 0.75783 0 td -0.006 tc (language that k)tj 6.4856 0 td (eeps putting w)tj 6.23128 0 td [(or)19(ds in)]tj -29.26438 -1.20001 td -0.008 tc -0.006 tw [(the bank. w)93(e ha)18(v)19(e a surplus of terms: )]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 199.6379 323.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tc [(m)19(yth)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 220.2627 323.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0082 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 225.6018 323.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tc [(s)1(t)20(ory)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 246.1533 323.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0082 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 251.4925 323.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 tc [(t)18(ale)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 266.1748 323.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0082 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 271.514 323.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.007 tc (legend)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 297.7172 323.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0082 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 303.0564 323.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.008 tc [(r)18(eminiscence)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 356.2197 323.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 37 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc (memoir)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 68.7185 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0058 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 74.0817 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc [(hist)19(ory)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 102.6096 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0058 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 107.9728 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc [(tr)19(adition)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 143.4278 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0058 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 148.7909 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc [(chr)19(onicle)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 185.9109 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0058 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 191.2741 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc (epic)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 207.7331 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0058 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 213.0963 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc (fiction)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 239.2219 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0058 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 244.585 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc [(narr)19(ativ)18(e)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 281.8686 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0058 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 287.2318 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc [(no)19(v)19(el)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 308.6252 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0058 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 313.9884 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.005 tc [(tr)19(av)18(elogue)]tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 356.2211 311.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k (,)tj -31.92211 -1.2 td -0.01 tc -0.004 tw (and so on, not t)tj 6.6401 0 td (o)tj 0.79098 0 td (mention compound terms such as )tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 258.9573 299.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k (f)tj 0.28691 0 td -0.009 tc -0.004 tw (airy t)tj 2.14229 0 td -0.01 tc 0 tw (ale)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 294.9863 299.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0102 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 10 300.305 299.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.009 tc -0.004 tw (true st)tj 2.57885 0 td 0 tw (ory)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f3 1 tf 10 0 0 10 339.5151 299.9616 tm 0 0 0 1 k -0.0102 tc (,)tj et q /gs2 gs /gs1 gs q bt /f10 1 tf 10 0 0 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